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Human sexual reproductive system - Coggle Diagram
Human sexual reproductive system
What is sexual reprodustion
Sexual reproduction is defined as the fusion of the nuclei of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, which develops into genetically unidentical offspring.
During fertilisation, the nucleus of the sperm (carrying half the father's DNA) and the nucleus of the ovum (carrying half the mother's DNA) fuse together. This forms the complete genetic material of the offspring.
The fertilised ovum, containing the full genetic material of the offspring, is known as a zygote. It is genetically unidentical to either parent, as it only contains half of the DNA of each parent.
Gametes are a sex cell produced by male and female reproductive organs. The human gametes are the sperm (male) and ovum (femal). Each gamete contains half of the dna of the individual that produces it in its nucleus
How are traits passed to children
Half of the makeup of a child’s cell is based on the fathers dna while the other half is the mothers dna. This means the child has traits from both parents
Heredity / genetic inheritance
DNA in the nucleus are organised into bundles called chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs
During fertilisation, the 23 chromosomes in the sperm and the 23 chromosomes in the ovum combine
Puberty
The onset of sexual maturity in the body. Marks the time when the body becomes biologically capable of reproduction.
Males
Height and weight increase
Growth of armpit hair and pubic hair
Production and maturation of gametes begins
Voice deepens
Muscles strength increases
Sperm production begins
Females
Height and weight increase
Growth of armpit hair and pubic hair
Production and maturation of gametes begins
Breasts begin to develop
Hips become broader and wider
Maturation of ova (plural of ovum) begins
Reproductive systems
Male
Testis
Produce sperm and male sex hormone
Hormones are responsible development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics
Scrotum
Testes lie in pouch like sack called scrotum
It’s outside the main body cavity so temperature is slightly lower temperature than body temperature. Slightly lower temperature is essential for sperm to develop properly.
Sperm duct
Loops over ureter and opens into urethra.
After sperm are released from a testis, they travel through a sperm duct
Prostate gland
At the base of the urinary bladder, where the two sperm ducts join the urethra.
Secretes a fluid that mixes with the sperm. The fluid contains enzymes and nutrients that nourish the sperm and stimulate them to swim actively. The mixture is called semen.
Urethra
Tube which passes from the bladder through the Center of the penis to the outside of the body
Both semen and urine pass out the body through the urethra
Penis
The penis is an erectile organ.
The penis enters the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse to deposit semen, containing sperm.
Male gamete
Known as sperm
100 million sperms are released each time the male ejaculates
Much smaller in size than ova
Mobile: able to swim on its own
Female
Ovary
The two ovaries produce ova (eggs).
Each ovary also produces hormones such as ostrogen and progesterone.
The female sex hormones are responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics in females.
When the eggs become mature, they are released from the ovaries.
Oviduct
Each ovary releases mature eggs into an oviduct.
Each oviduct is a narrow muscular tube leading from the ovary to the uterus. It has a funnel-like opening lying close to the ovary. This makes it easier for the egg to enter the oviduct.
The egg is usually fertilised in the oviduct.
The inner surface of the oviduct is lined with cilia. The movement of the cilia helps to move the egg along the oviduct.
Uterus
The uterus (plural: uteri) or womb is where the fetus (sometimes spelled foetus) or unborn baby develops during pregnancy.
The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear. It has elastic muscular walls. The smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the uterus contract to push the fetus out during birth.
The soft, smooth inner lining of the uterus is called the uterine lining. It is where the embryo is implanted.
Cervix
The opening of the cervix allows menstrual blood to flow out into the vagina during menstruation.
The cervix is the ring of muscles at the lower portion of the uterus where it joins the vagina.
Vagina
Semen is deposited in the vagina during mating or sexual intercourse.
The vagina or birth canal leads from the cervix to the outside.
Female gamete
Ovum (s.), ova (pl.)
Human females release about 500 ova over their lifetime (from puberty to menopause)
Usually, one ovary releases one ovum per month
Larger in size than sperm
Cannot move by itself
Contain food reserves (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) to nourish the embryo after fertilisation.
Menstrual cycle
Days 1-5 is menstruation as the uterine lining breaks down.
Uterine lining repairs and thickens from day 6-13 to prepare for implantation of embryo
Fertile period is day 11 to 15. Sperm can survive in the body for 3 days and the ovum can survive for 1 day
Ovum is released on day 14
Uterine lining remains thick from days 15-28 in preparation of implantation of embryo
Contraception
Temporary
Male
Condom
bag made of latex, worn on the penis during sexual intercourse. Condoms reduce the risk of spreading some sexually transmitted infections.
A condom prevents sperm from entering the vagina.
Spermicide
A gel that kills sperm. Usually used in conjunction with condom
Kills sperm
Female
Intra-uterine device
An instrument usually made of copper inserted into the uterus by a medical doctor.
Prevents implantation of embryo on the uterine lining
Contraceptive pills
A type of oral medication the disrupts the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
Prevents ovulation
Diaphragm
A barrier inserted near the woman’s cervix
Prevents sperm from entering th uterus
Permanent
Vasectomy
The sperm ducts of the male are cut and tied
Prevents sperm from entering the urethra
Ligation
The oviducts of the female are cut and tied
Prevents ovum from being fertilised by the sperm
Sexually transmitted diseases (STIs)
HIV/ AIDS
Virus that infects human cells
Flu like symptoms including fever, muscle aches and mouth ulcers
Can lead to disease known as AIDS
Spread though contact with body fluids
Semen
Vaginal fluid
Blood
Medication to delay but no permanent cure
Chlamidydia
Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge and painful urination or pelvic discomfort
Genital herpes
Painful blisters around genital area
Gonorrhea
Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge and painful urination or pelvic discomfort or sore throat
HPV
Warts such as genital warts, plantar wart and flat warts. Cancer
Syphilis
Sores around genital area initially, with rashes and mild fever in later stages
How to treat/prevent STI
Bacterial STIs can be treated with antibiotics eg syphilis gonorrhea
Viral STIs can be prevented with vaccines eg HPV
Condoms
Physical barrier that prevents contact with bodily fluids
Knowledge
Regular check ups can inform a person if they have STIs and prevent them from spreading it
Non-promiscuity
Reduces frequency of spread of STIs