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Anaemia - Coggle Diagram
Anaemia
Thalassemia
Complications
Haemolytic, Microcytic, Hypochromic Anaemia
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Hypermetabolic state → nutritional deficiencies, growth impairment
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Extramedullary haematopoiesis → BM hyperplasia, BM widens, structural malformations (facial irregularity and osteoporosis)
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Signs and Symptoms
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↓ O2 to tissues
Systemic: pallor, fatigue, activity intolerance
Cardiac: altered haemodynamics (tachycardia, ↓ blood pressure, arrythmias, palpitations)
Aetiology/Causes
Inheritance
Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Southeast Asian, & African genetic descents
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Pathophysiology
Hemolysis results from an alpha & beta globin chains, which are normally paired
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Types of Thalassaemia
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Thalassaemia Minor
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Heterozygous person has 1 thalassaemic gene & 1 normal gene → thalassaemia minor (thalassaemia trait) = mild form of disease
Definition
Inherited blood disorder, the body produces an abnormal form of Hb → ↑ destruction of RBCs and further → to anaemia
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Aplastic Anaemia
Aetiology/Causes
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Acquired or Idiopathic
Insidious onset of BM hypoplasia/aplasia → haematopoietic cell loss → ↓ production of cell (thrombocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes) → peripheral pancytopaenia
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Signs and Symptoms
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Anaemia (low RBCs)
Pallor, fatigue, dyspnoea, activity intolerance, cardio-respiratory compromised
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Definition
Rare life-threatening anaemia → ↓ or damage to marrow stem cells → damage to microenvironment in marrow and replacement of marrow with fat
Megoblastic Anaemia
Aetiology/Causes
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Vitamin B12 ↓
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Malabsorption
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Surgery → gastrectomy, bariatric → lack of absorptive
surface → pernicious anaemia
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Signs and Symptoms
↑ haemolysis,
destruction of cells
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Definition
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Abnormally large, nucleated erythrocyte with delayed and abnormal nuclear maturation. Also known as "Megaloblastic Red Cells"