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Antioxidant Nutrients, Consumption, supplement users:, smokers: - Coggle…

- - - - Beta-carotene
        
        Non-Antioxidant Nutrient Roles
        
        immune system
        
        -moderate doses has anti-inflammatory effects- with high dosage there are pro-inflammatory effects
        
        vision
        
        age-related damage in macula
        
        macula is rich in beta-carotene which provides for central vision
        
        Provides retinol
        
        Keeps cornea healthy
        
        Light converts cis-retinal to trans-retinal
        
        Nerve impulse to brain
        
        skin
        
        protect against skin damage due to its photo protective effect
        
        Different form of Vitamin A
        
        Retinoids
        
        Deficiency
        
        vision
        
        night blindness: sight is troubled by quickly adjusting to changes in brightness
        
        xerophthalmia: dry eyes that could lead to blindness
        
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        growth, development and reproduction
        
        animals cannot reproduce
        
        improper growth within children
        
        early development can influence jaw development leading to poor dental and nutritional health
        
        health of mucous membrane in epithelial tissues
        
        less mucus production
        
        keratinization
        
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        immune function
        
        Measles
        
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        Food source
        
        Animals: liver (pate), fish oils, eggs (yolk), milk, fortified, butter, cheese
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        growth, development and reproduction
        
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        Health of mucous membranes in skin tissue
        
        Provides protection against infections in the skin, lungs, eyes (cornea), urinary tract, and bladder.
        
        immune function
        
        required to produce immune cells to fight infections
        
        Toxicity
        
        reasons
        
        food intake
        
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        supplements
        
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        acne treatments
        
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        Types
        
        Acute: single large dose of a retinoid~adults: >= 200,000 micrograms
        RAE
        
        Chronic: daily intake of 10X DRI for prolonged time
        
        Teratogenic: Vitamin A intake during pregnancy~ 10,000 IU or 3000 micrograms RAE/day
        
        ATBC (Finland): Cancer prevention study
        
        smokers had 16% higher incidence of lung cancer when treated with 20mg beta-carotene for 6 years
        
        CARET (USA): Beta-carotene and Retinol trial
        
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        the most active form of Vitamin A
        
        smaller amount of retinoid is needed whereas beta-carotene requires more to do the same job
        
        1 microgram of retinoid is equivalent to 12 micrograms of beta-carotene.
        
        Deficiency
        
        contribute to increase in DNA damage and onset of epithelial cancer, and heart disease
        
        mostly affects:
        
        limited access to fruits and vegetables especially children.
        
        delay growth and development, and becoming more susceptible to infections
        
        pregnant women
        
        require more dosage for mother and fetus for health and development
        
        Toxicity
        
        hypercarotenemia
        
        causes skins to change to orange color, But is harmless and reversible
        
        affects:
        
        food source
        
        plant foods
        
        dark green and orange vegetables, orange and red fruit, margarine, fortified, breakfast cereal fortified
        
        3 commonly consumed: carrots (boiled), yams(boiled, no salt), red bell peppers
        
        sustainability
        
        Diet sustaining off of plant foods provide sufficient amount of Vitamin A because most dosage of Vitamin A is found in plant based food compared to animal
        
        ~ Boiled Carrot: 700 micrograms RAE for 125 ml
        
        ~ boiled Yam 1000 micrograms RAE for 125 ml
        
        Functions of antioxidant
        
        Fat soluble: prevents oxidation of cell membrane and low density lipoproteins
        
        Antioxidant effects are well-established in lab tests, but less clear in humans
        
        weaker antioxidant than Vitamin E
  - - - can be caused by
        
        Overconsumption
        
        Consequences
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Release iron from protein
        
        Pro-oxidant effects: by forming free-iron
        
        if abruptly reduced
        
        Can lead to rebound scurvy
        
        Recommend: gradual decreases in vitamin C
        
        Excess vitamin C: disposed through urine
        
        Leads to concentrated urine in kidneys
        
        Increased risk of kidney stones
    - - can be found as
        
        Ascorbic Acid
        
        acts as a
        
        Reducing agent
        
        Donates hydrogen and electrons to neutralize free radicals
        
        oxidizing into
        
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        restores it to an active antioxidant form (post-neutralizing of free radicals)
        
        Dehydroascorbic Acid
        
        Readily accepts hydrogens
        
        to become
      - Helps to keep folate coenzyme intact
      - Reduces formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines
    - - enhances absorption of iron when consumed together
      - promotes
        
        Collagen synthesis
        
        Prevents bruising
        
        Promotes healing of wounds
        
        Maintains integrity: scar/ connective tissue, skin, blood vessels
    - - Who is at risk?
        
        Alcoholics
        
        at risk by not consuming enough
        
        Smokers
        
        Tobacco: Higher amount of oxidative damage to neutralize
        
        Special Requirements: RDA + extra 35mg/day
        
        Burn patients
        
        require greater need for
      - can lead to
        
        Widespread tissue breakdown
        
        due to reduced amounts of
        
        Scurvy
        
        Common symptoms: Joint pain, weakness, bleeding gums, wounds unable to heal, petechiae
        
        Treatment: Consuming 100 mg/day for 5 days
    - - Highly vulnerable to: high heat, oxygen, and baking soda
      - Mitigate losses: prioritize consuming fresh produce
  - - - Likely causes
        
        Food intake (not toxic)
        
        Supplement Use (800-1200mg/day)
      - Consequences
        
        Common Symptoms: Diarrhea, Muscle weakness, nausea, and fatigue.
        
        Anticoagulant Augmentation: can create uncontrollable bleeding in anticoagulant users (ex. Aspirin)
        
        Prooxidant Effects: high doses of Vitamin E over time can lead an increased risk in Prostate Cancer
      - Who is highest at risk?
        
        Individuals on Vitamin E supplements
    - - Nuts and Seeds: (Almonds, Hazelnuts, sunflower seeds)
      - Vegetables: (Swiss chard, Parsley, broccoli)
      - Oils: (Canola, corn, soybean)
      - Animal Products: (egg yolk)
      - Bioavailability
        
        Moderate: (20-70%)
    - - Maintains Membrane Integrity :
        
        Cell Membrane:
        
        • This neutralization, protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
        
        • Vitamin E plays a major role in membrane protection in the lungs
        
        • Vitamin E reduces lipid radicals in cell membranes, neutralizing them.
        
        Nuclear/Mitochondrial membrane
        
        • Vitamin E donates electron to free radicals, thus destabilizing them.
        
        • This protects DNA and other cellular components from oxidative damage
    - - Reduces Platelet Aggregation : inhibits Protein Kinase C, the enzyme required for platelet aggregation
      - Aids in Reproduction
        
        • helps regulate estrogen and progesterone in pregnant women
        
        • maintains a healthy placenta
    - - Likely causes
        
        Lack of Vitamin E transfer during pregnancy
        
        High Oxidative stress
        
        Low dietary intake (rare)
      - Consequences
        
        Hemolytic Amemia
        
        • loss of cell membrane integrity in red blood cell
        
        • Red blood cells cannot carry Oxygen to cells
        
        • Cells cannot generate energy from macronutrients
        
        • Symptoms: Fatigue, Lethargy.
      - Who is highest at risk?
        
        Preterm infants
        
        • Have low stores
        
        • Have high oxidative stress in incubators
        
        • Fetuses Receive Vitamin E in latter weeks of pregnancy
        
        • Require Vitamin E to combat oxidative stress
        
        • Restoration: Oral supplementation
    - - Vitamin E loss: Vitamin E can be destroyed by heat and exposure to oxygen and light (ex. deep frying)
      - Mitigating Vitamin E loss: keep oils (canola, corn, soybean, etc) in cool, dark areas or refrigerated.
- - - - Caused by
        
        Supplement Use (>1 mg/day)
        
        Can lead to
        
        Nausea and vomiting
        
        Brittle nails and hair
        
        Neurological damage
        
        Fatigue
        
        Irritability
    - - Is a cofactor for
        
        Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)
        
        Which protects
        
        Cell membranes
    - - Food intake is generally safe
      - Plant
        
        Whole grains
        
        Mushrooms
        
        Vegetables
        
        Yams
        
        Parsley
        
        Broccoli
        
        Asparagus
        
        Swiss chard
        
        Must be grown on Se rich soil
      - Animal
        
        Liver
        
        Meat
        
        Seafood and shellfish
        
        Milk
        
        Eggs
      - Bioavailability
        
        Is high
        
        ~60-90%
        
        Regulated by
        
        Kidneys
    - - Converts
        
        Thyroid hormone T4 to T3
        
        Which regulates
        
        Basal metabolism
        
        Growth and development
        
        Body temperature
    - - Who is greatest at risk
        
        Those who eat foods grown in
        soil depleted of Selenium
      - Causes
        
        Severe joint pain
        
        Keshan’s Disease
        (heart muscle disease, cardiomyopathy)
      - In North America
        
        Is uncommon
    - - Reduces amount of free radicals for Vitamin E to neutralize
    - - Selenoprotein
        
        main forms
        
        Active form
        
        Selenocysteine
        
        Inactive form
        
        Selenomethionine
    - - Is generally unaffected by
        
        Nutrient loss during cooking
        
        Due to being
        
        An element