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Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction - Coggle Diagram
Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Diagnostic Criteria
Plasma osmolality < 280 mOsm/kg
Decreased urine volume with highly concentrated urine (high urine sodium)
Serum sodium < 135 mEq/L
Treatment Modalities
Hypertonic saline infusion (in severe cases of hyponatremia)
Medications to block ADH
Fluid restriction to limit water retention
Clinical Manifestations
Highly concentrated urine
Confusion, irritability
Decreased urine output
Muscle cramps, weakness
Hyponatremia
ADH Imbalance
Addison Disease
Diagnostic Criteria
ACTH stimulation test
Low cortisol levels
Electrolyte imbalances: low sodium, high potassium
Treatment Modalities
Mineralocorticoid replacement
Increased sodium intake
Lifelong corticosteroid replacement
Clinical Manifestations
Hyperkalemia
Hyperpigmentation
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Hypoglycemia
Cushing Syndrome
Diagnostic Criteria
Dexamethasone suppression test
Elevated 24-hour urinary cortisol levels
High ACTH levels
Imaging (CT or MRI) to identify pituitary or adrenal tumors
Treatment Modalities
Medications to reduce cortisol production
Radiation therapy
Surgical removal of adrenal or pituitary tumors
Clinical Manifestations
Region specific fat accumulation
Moon face
Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes
Hypertension
Fragile skin, purple striae, easy bruising
Osteoporosis
Poor wound healing
Adrenal Dysfunction
Hypothyroidism
Diagnostic Criteria
Elevated TSH levels
Low free T3 and T4 levels
Positive antithyroid antibodies
Serum cholesterol levels may be elevated
Treatment Modalities
Synthetic thyroid hormone replacement
Iodine supplementation in cases of iodine deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Weight gain, despite decreased appetite
Cold intolerance
Bradycardia
Constipation
Dry skin, coarse hair, hair loss
Depression, cognitive sluggishness
Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic Criteria
Elevated free T3 and T4 levels
Radioactive iodine uptake test
Low TSH levels
Presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves'
Treatment Modalities
Radioactive iodine therapy to destroy overactive thyroid tissue
Beta-blockers to manage heart symptoms
Anti-thyroid medications (methimazole, propylthiouracil)
Thyroidectomy
Clinical Manifestations
Anxiety, restlessness, tremors
Goiter
Tachycardia, palpitations
Exophthalmos (protruding eyes) in Graves' disease
Heat intolerance, excessive sweating
Oily skin, fine hair
Weight loss despite increased appetite
Irregular menstrual cycle in women
Thyroid Dysfunction
Diabetes Insipidus
Diagnostic Criteria
Urine osmolality < 200 mOsm/kg
Low urine-specific gravity < 1.005
Serum osmolality > 300 mOsm/kg
Water deprivation test: failure to concentrate urine
ADH test to differentiate between central and nephrogenic DI
Treatment Modalities
Nephrogenic DI: Thiazide diuretics to reduce urine output
Hydration management (oral or IV fluids)
Central DI: Desmopressin (DDAVP) to replace ADH
Monitoring for electrolyte imbalances (especially sodium)
Clinical Manifestations
Dehydration (dry skin, dry mouth)
Hypotension
Polydipsia
Dilute urine with low osmolality
Polyuria
Fatigue, weakness