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Project Two: Annotated Bibliography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "On the one hand, the adoption of AI could create new jobs, complement existing work, raise worker productivity, lift wages, boost economic growth, and increase living standards. On the other hand, AI could displace workers, erode job quality, increase unemployment, and exacerbate inequities. Whether and how AI benefits or harms workers is not a foregone conclusion—it is up to the Biden administration and Congress to guide the users and adopters of AI in the right direction'"
      - Source 2:Khattar, Rose. “Will AI Benefit or Harm Workers?” Center for American Progress, 24 Aug. 2023, www.americanprogress.org/article/will-ai-benefit-or-harm-workers/.
    - - "Some potential effects could include replacing workers, complementing workers, freeing workers up to do more productive tasks, or creating new jobs. Because advanced AI is being deployed in enterprise technology, large firms are the most likely to be initial adopters of advanced AI tools and systems, meaning that a larger number of workers are likely to be generally affected."
      - "AI can also lead to job creation. A recent study has shown that firms investing in AI tend to “shift towards more educated workforces, with greater emphasis on STEM degrees.” Beyond increasing demand for some STEM skills, the adoption of AI is also likely to lead to increased demand for soft skills, particularly work that requires high emotional intelligence. "
      - Main Point Two: AI can indeed create room for improvement and allow us to use our creativity, but it requires strategic planning to ensure it benefits everyone.
      - Main Point One: While AI has the potential to revolutionize industries by enhancing efficiency and fostering innovation, it also poses significant risks if not managed properly.
      - Main Point Three: In order for workers to keep their jobs safe from Ai we need to upskill, retrain, and resell workers.
      - Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        Argument 1: Job Displacement vs. Job Creation: AI has the potential to automate many tasks, which could lead to job displacement in certain sectors. However, it also has the potential to create new jobs and industries, requiring new skills and expertise. This dual impact on employment is a crucial point to explore.
        
        Argument 3:AI can improve workplace efficiency and reduce the burden of repetitive tasks, potentially enhancing the quality of life for workers. This can lead to more fulfilling and creative job roles, as well as better work-life balance.
        
        Argument 2: AI could worsen economic inequality if the benefits of increased productivity are not shared broadly. Those who control AI technologies might accrue significant economic gains, while workers displaced by automation could face economic hardships.
      - Credibility: Has a fair and pretty neutral perspective.
  - - - "Generative AI has the potential to significantly boost productivity and contribute trillions of dollars to the global economy. McKinsey Global Institute research suggests that it could add $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion annually across 63 analyzed use cases, increasing the impact of all AI by 15 to 40 percent."
        
        "The rise of AI in customer service has automated routine inquiries, yet it has simultaneously increased the demand for human workers in roles that require nuanced understanding and empathy, such as handling complex customer issues or providing personalized services. The healthcare sector provides a compelling example of this transition. AI technologies have automated administrative tasks and data analysis, allowing healthcare professionals to dedicate more time to patient care and complex medical decision-making.
        
        3 Direct Quotes/ Paraphrases:
        
        "As the job market evolves in response to AI advancements, the demand for certain skills will rise. Technical skills related to: AI development, data analysis, and cybersecurity will be in high demand, as well as soft skills such as: critical thinking, creativity, and interpersonal communication."
      - Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        AI's automation of routine tasks will shift the workforce demand towards roles that require human empathy and complex problem-solving, thereby enhancing the quality of customer service and healthcare.
        
        The job market will increasingly value both technical skills related to AI and essential soft skills, emphasizing the need for a diverse skill set to thrive in an AI-integrated environment.
        
        Generative AI will significantly boost global economic productivity, potentially adding trillions of dollars annually, which underscores its transformative impact on the economy
        
        Both discuss positive effects of AI
    - - Main Points:
        
        While AI automates routine tasks, it increases the demand for human workers in roles requiring nuanced understanding and empathy, such as complex customer service and personalized healthcare, allowing professionals to focus more on patient care and complex decision-making.
        
        The evolving job market due to AI advancements will see a rising demand for technical skills in AI development, data analysis, and cybersecurity, as well as soft skills like critical thinking, creativity, and interpersonal communication.
        
        Generative AI has the potential to significantly enhance productivity and contribute trillions of dollars to the global economy, with estimates suggesting an annual addition of $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion across various use cases.
        
        Source 10:Pantelakis, Alexandros. “AI Has a Positive Impact on Job Creation, and We Have Proof of It.” Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better, 9 Feb. 2024, resources.workable.com/stories-and-insights/impact-of-ai-on-job-creation.
      - Credibility:Has a fair and pretty neutral perspective.
- - - - Fear that AI could become an existential threat to humanity due to it's rapid development and lack of legal oversight.
      - AI's impact on jobs is notable, with some jobs being highly vunerable to automation.
      - There's a strong call from industry leaders to pause he development of powerful AI models to address these risks and ensure ethical use.
        
        Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        Fear that AI could become an existential threat to humanity due to it's rapid development and lack of legal oversight.
        
        AI's impact on jobs is notable, with some jobs being highly vunerable to automation.
        
        There's a strong call from industry leaders to pause he development of powerful AI models to address these risks and ensure ethical use.
        
        Credibility: Has a fair and pretty neutral perspective.
      - Three Main Points:
    - - "Back in March of 2023, tech mogul Elon Musk, along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed an open letter by the nonprofit organization the Future of Life Institute urging AI developers to stop training AI models more powerful than GPT-4 for at least 6 months, citing “profound risks to society and humanity.” Such risks included flooding our information channels “with propaganda and untruth,” and the automation of fulfilling jobs that give humans purpose"
- - - - Connected because both articles discuss Ai's effect on jobs
    - - 3 Main Points:
        
        AI could exacerbate income and wealth inequality within countries, with workers who can effectively use AI seeing increased productivity and wages, while those who cannot may fall behind.
        
        Policymakers need to address the potential for AI to worsen overall inequality by establishing social safety nets and retraining programs to make the transition more inclusive and protect livelihoods.
        
        Emerging markets and low-income countries may face fewer immediate disruptions from AI but lack the infrastructure and skilled workforce to benefit from it, potentially worsening inequality among nations over time.
        
        Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        To mitigate the negative effects of AI on inequality, it is crucial for policymakers to implement comprehensive social safety nets and retraining programs for vulnerable workers to ensure a more inclusive transition.
        
        AI is likely to create a divide within the workforce, where those who can leverage AI technology will see improved productivity and wages, while those who cannot will fall behind, increasing income and wealth inequality.
        
        Although emerging markets and low-income countries might face fewer immediate disruptions from AI, their lack of infrastructure and skilled workforce could lead to increased inequality among nations over time, as they may struggle to harness the benefits of AI.
        
        Credibility:Has a fair and pretty neutral perspective.
- - - - 3 Direct Quotes/ Paraphrases:
        
        The use of AI can lead to uncertainties and privacy invasions, known as the "dark side of AI," posing risks to individuals, organizations, and society.
        
        Successful human-AI collaboration requires understanding and overcoming potential threats. This study aims to help researchers, practitioners, and society navigate these challenges effectively.
        
        Human-AI interaction improves processes and boosts individual employee performance by supporting decision-making and freeing humans from repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on more strategic and economically valuable activities.
        
        3 Main Points
        
        While AI offers significant benefits, it also presents risks such as uncertainty and invasion of privacy. Recognizing and addressing these risks, often referred to as the "dark side of AI," is essential to ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.
        
        For human-AI collaboration to be successful, it is crucial to understand and overcome potential threats. This study provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and society to navigate and mitigate these challenges effectively.
        
        The integration of AI in the workplace enhances individual employee performance by supporting decision-making processes and freeing employees from repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on more strategic activities.
        
        Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        Credibility: From Ball State Library Database and from 2022
        
        Source 4:https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12525-021-00496-x.pdf
      - "Research has demonstrated that human-AI interaction is able to shape processes more effectively and enhances the indi- vidual performance of employees. Employees are supported in the decision-making process (Dellermann et al., 2019; Metaxiotis, 2000), strategic decisions are facilitated (Aversa et al., 2018), and human-AI collaboration frees humans from repetitive tasks, helping them embrace strong economic potential (Yang & Siau, 2018). "
        
        Human-AI collaboration is more likely to be successful when possible threats are understood and overcome. We believe this study will be valuable to researchers, practitioners, and society for understanding and overcoming obstacles when collaborat- ing with AI"
- - - - Main Points
        
        Workers become less proactive due to concerns about AI replacing their jobs.
        
        The positive indirect effect of leader's AI symbolization on job crafting is stronger when employees have low impression management motives.
        
        Source 5: Guohua He, Pei Liu, Xinnian Zheng, Lixun Zheng, Patricia Faison Hewlin, Li Yuan.. (March 13, 2023). Being proactive in the age of AI: exploring the effectiveness of leaders' AI symbolization in stimulating employee job crafting. Management Decision. https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn%3acontentItem%3a69FY-FP31-DY4C-F00G-00000-00&context=1519360&identityprofileid=G25ZB551689.
        
        Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        When leaders effectively symbolize AI, it can lead to increased job crafting among employees, especially when they are less concerned about managing impressions. This suggests that leaders need to focus on reducing employees' impression management motives to maximize the positive impact of AI symbolization.
        
        Both discuss how we can utilize AI to make a positive impact.
        
        Leaders who clearly communicate the capabilities and benefits of AI can enhance team efficiency and encourage proactive behavior. This highlights the role of effective communication in mitigating negative perceptions of AI and fostering a productive work environment.
        
        Employees often become less proactive when they fear that AI might replace their jobs. This indicates that addressing these concerns is crucial for maintaining employee engagement and proactivity. Organizations need to find ways to alleviate these fears to ensure a motivated workforce.
        
        Leaders who communicate AI's capabilities clearly can promote team efficiency
      - Credibility: Ball state database/ peer reviewed
    - - "According to Larson and Dechurch (2020), leaders who clearly communicate AI's capabilities to employees and are able to interact effectively with technological teammates (e.g. robots, algorithms)will promote team efficiency and encourage proactivity in meeting performance standards."
- - - - AI involves machines that simulate human cognitive functions and can perform human-like tasks. Machine learning, a subset of AI, involves algorithms learning from data to make predictions, with distinctions between supervised and unsupervised learning.
      - Industrial robots are used for industrial tasks, while social service robots are designed to interact with humans in a natural and user-friendly way, including during customer service encounters. Service robots can be categorized based on their physical or virtual representation, anthropomorphism, and the types of tasks they perform.
      - The effectiveness of social service robots depends on three development levels: hardware (body, sensors, movement system), functionality (software for recognition and dialogue), and the service tasks assigned by the business to deliver value to customers.
      - Three Main Points:
      - "AI refers to machines that simulate cognitive functions commonly associated with the human mind, since these machines are able to perform human-like tasks, emblematic of which is the ability to automatically and direct- ly learns from experience - machine learning (Aghaei et al. 2012; Panch et al. 2018). Machine learning can be defined as a subset of AI, where algorithms learn associations of predictive power from examples in given data (Panch et al. 2018). The distinction between supervised and unsupervised machine learning was crucial for the present study."
        
        "Industrial robots are employed for performing industrial tasks, social service robots are designed to support and service humans by interacting with them and the environment in a natural, user-friendly and socially-compatible way (Ivanov et al. 2017; Pinillos et al. 2016). As a consequence, they may be used also as the interaction counterpart of customers during service encounters (Wirtz et al. 2018; Kuo et al. 2017). Service robots can be differentiated according to several attri- butes: their representation (physical robot, as Pepper, or virtu- al, as Alexa), anthropomorphism (humanoid or non-humanoid robot) and the tasks they can perform (cognitive-analytical tasks and emotional-social tasks) (De Keyser et al. 2019; Wirtz et al. 2018)"
        
        The efficacy of a social service robot de- pends on three levels of development: hardware, i.e. the body of the machine, its sensors and the movement system (actuators); functionality, i.e. the software which enables func- tions such as visual and voice recognition, dialogue, mobility, knowledge representation of mind models; and service, i.e. the tasks that the business assigns to the robot in order to create and deliver added value to the customers (Kuo et al. 2017)."
        
        3 Direct Quotes/ Paraphrases:
        
        Credibility:Ball state database/ peer reviewed
      - Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        The ability of AI to simulate human cognitive functions and perform tasks autonomously, especially through machine learning, underscores its transformative potential. Machine learning's capability to learn from data and make predictions can significantly enhance decision-making processes and operational efficiency in numerous fields.
        
        The success of social service robots relies heavily on the integration of advanced hardware, sophisticated functionality, and well-defined service tasks. Businesses must invest in all three levels—hardware, software, and service assignments—to maximize the added value that these robots can deliver to customers, thereby improving service quality and customer satisfaction.
        
        Industrial and social service robots serve distinct roles, with industrial robots focusing on task efficiency in manufacturing, while social service robots enhance human interaction and customer service. The differentiation in their design and function highlights the versatility and specialized applications of robotic technology in various sectors.
- - - - Main Points
        
        Amazon's review highlights that despite initial concerns about robots replacing human workers, the company has significantly increased both its robotic units and its human workforce.
        
        The report predicts that in the next two decades, industrialized countries will face more job openings than available workers, and robotics and automation will be essential in addressing these gaps
        
        There is no clear correlation between the use of robotics and unemployment. In fact, the implementation of robots in various firms has often been associated with job growth.
        
        Both discuss how AI is likely to create a divide in the workforce because of people linking it with jobless but there is noclear correlation between the use of robotics and unemployment
        
        3 Direct Quotes/ Paraphrases:
        
        "Amazon recently published a 10 year review of its use of robotics throughout its business operations. The company's report notes that "speculation was rampant that Amazon was replacing people with robots [...but] We have more 520,000 robotic drive units, and have added over a million jobs, worldwide."
        
        "The report concluded, "in the next two decades, industrialized countries will have more job openings than workers to fill them, and that robotics and automation will play an increasingly crucial role in closing these gaps."
        
        "However, there has been no obvious correlation between robotics and unemployment. Instead, the use of robots in many firms and sectors has been accompanied by significant job increases"
        
        Credibility: Peer reviewed
      - Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        Companies like Amazon demonstrate that robotics can complement human labor rather than replace it, leading to substantial increases in both robotic and human workforces.
        
        As industrialized countries face future labor shortages, robotics and automation will be crucial in filling job vacancies and maintaining economic stability.
        
        The introduction of robotics does not necessarily lead to higher unemployment rates; instead, it can coexist with job growth in many sectors.
- - - - 3 Direct Quotes/ Paraphrases:
      - "Hence, the effect on labor income inequality depends
        largely on the extent to which AI displaces or complements high-income workers. Model simulations suggest
        that, with high complementarity, higher-wage earners can expect a more-than-proportional increase in their
        labor income, leading to an increase in labor income inequality. This would amplify the increase in income and
        wealth inequality that results from enhanced capital returns that accrue to high earners. Countries’ choices
        regarding the definition of AI property rights, as well as redistributive and other fiscal policies, will ultimately
        shape its impact on income and wealth distribution."
        
        "Advanced economies, with their mature industries and service-driven economies, typically have a higher concentration of jobs in sectors that require complex cognitive tasks. These
        economies are therefore both more susceptible to, yet better positioned to benefit from, AI innovations."
        
        "Conversely, emerging market and developing economies, often still reliant on manual labor and traditional
        industries, may initially face fewer AI-induced disruptions. However, these economies may also miss out on
        early AI-driven productivity gains, given their lack of infrastructure and a skilled workforce. Over time, the AI
        divide could exacerbate existing economic disparities, with advanced economies harnessing AI for competitive
        advantage while emerging market and developing economies grapple with integrating AI into their growth
        models."
      - Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        Emerging market and developing economies may face fewer initial disruptions from AI but could lag in productivity gains due to insufficient infrastructure and skilled workforce, potentially widening economic disparities with advanced economies over time.
        
        AI's impact on labor income inequality is significant, as it can disproportionately increase the income of high-wage earners if it complements their work, thus exacerbating overall income and wealth inequality. This effect is also shaped by national policies on AI property rights and fiscal redistribution.
        
        Advanced economies, with their higher concentration of jobs requiring complex cognitive tasks, are more susceptible to AI disruptions but are also better positioned to leverage AI innovations for competitive advantages due to their mature industries and service-driven economies.
      - Main Points
        
        The impact of AI on labor income inequality depends on whether AI displaces or complements high-income workers. If AI complements high-income workers, their labor income could increase disproportionately, leading to greater income and wealth inequality. The effect will also be influenced by how countries define AI property rights and implement redistributive and fiscal policies.
        
        Advanced economies, which have a higher concentration of jobs requiring complex cognitive tasks, are more susceptible to AI disruptions. However, they are also better positioned to benefit from AI innovations due to their mature industries and service-driven economies.
        
        Emerging market and developing economies might initially face fewer disruptions from AI due to their reliance on manual labor and traditional industries. However, they may also miss out on early productivity gains from AI because of a lack of infrastructure and a skilled workforce, potentially worsening economic disparities over time.
      - Credibility: Fair and neutral prospective.
- - - - "By recognizing the dual-edged sword of AI's impact, we can navigate towards a future where the synergy between human creativity and AI's capabilities ushers in a new age of prosperity and innovation. However, this future is not guaranteed. It requires conscious effort, strategic planning, and an unwavering commitment to developing the human skills that AI cannot replicate. In the end, the future of work will be defined not just by the technologies we create but by our resilience and ability to adapt to the world they shape."
      - Main Points Or Arguments I Plan To Use:
        
        AI will generate new job opportunities in emerging fields like AI ethics, machine learning model training, and human-AI interaction design, which will help to reshape the employment landscape.
        
        Successfully integrating AI into the workforce depends on strategic planning and a commitment to developing uniquely human skills, highlighting the need for resilience and adaptability in the face of technological advancements.
        
        Main Points
        
        The rise of AI will create new professions, such as those focusing on AI ethics, machine learning model training, and human-AI interaction design, offering new employment opportunities.
        
        Navigating the dual-edged nature of AI's impact requires strategic planning, conscious effort, and a commitment to developing human skills that AI cannot replicate, emphasizing the importance of human resilience and adaptability.
        
        As AI becomes more prevalent in sectors like healthcare and education, there is a risk of losing the essential human connection, including empathy and emotional support, which are crucial to these fields.
        
        Credibility: Has a fair and pretty neutral perspective.
        
        The increasing presence of AI in sectors such as healthcare and education risks diminishing the human connection, potentially undervaluing critical elements like empathy and emotional support essential to these professions.
      - "The rise of AI will spawn new professions that we can barely conceive of today. Roles focusing on AI ethics, machine learning model training, and human-AI interaction design will become commonplace, offering new avenues for employment"
      - "As AI infiltrates sectors like healthcare and education, the risk of eroding the human connection that is vital to these fields increases. The subtleties of empathy, understanding, and emotional support, so crucial to these professions, may become undervalued or lost."