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Antioxidants, Mostly proteins, Toxicity, Relationship between Vitamin E…

- - - - Found with fat in foods
    - - which is body tissue used to store fat
        
        Small amounts found in cell membrane and liver
    - - which are
        
        Organic chemical compounds involved in fertility
  - - - Vegetales, plant oils, fruits, nuts, seeds, whole grains
    - - eggs (yolks), milk, seafod, shellfish, liver, meats
  - - - Reduced Platelet Aggregation – Protection Against Heart Disease
        
        inhibits enzyme needed for platelet aggregation
        
        necessary for successful reproduction
    - - Maintain membrane integrity
        
        Where?
        
        In nuclear and mitochondrial membranes
        
        which protects DNA and other cellular compounds from oxidative damage
        
        cell membranes
        
        where neutralizes free radicals, and maintains integrity of membranes (lungs)
  - - - Hemolytic anemia
        
        feel fatigue, lethargy
        
        due to loss of RBC
    - - Preterm infants
        
        why?
        
        higher oxygen environment in incubator, increased oxidative stress on lung
        membranes, increased need for vitamin E
        
        How to solve?
        
        oral supplementation
  - - - Inappropriate supplementation 800-1200 mg daily
    - - Muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea
    - - Augments effect of anticoagulants
        
        Which
        
        can lead to uncontrolled bleeding
  - - - Intakes of 800-1200mg daily
  - - - Store in cool dark places to minimize loss
- - - - primarily acts as
        
        a reducing agent
        (electron donor)
  - - - alcoholics
        
        especially when consuming nutrient-poor diet
      - smokers
        
        RDA +35 mg/day to combat free radical damage due to tobacco oxidants
      - burn patients
        
        collagen needed for wound healing, skin repair
    - - common symptoms
        
        weakness, painful joints, bleeding gums, loose teeth, failure of wounds to heal and petechiae
        
        treatment
        
        ~5 days @ 100 mg/d intake reverses symptoms
    - - why this happen?
        
        reducing property of vitamin C for collagen synthesis throughout the body
  - - - How?
        
        keeps dietary Iron in reduced oxidation state
        
        increases absorption of non-heme iron found in plant foods
    - - helps prevent bruising and ensures proper wound healing
      - maintains integrity of connective tissue, skin, tendons, scar tissue, blood vessels, gum tissue
  - - - megadose(~>10X DRI)
        
        excess of vitamin C excreted in urine
        
        consequence
        
        diarrhea
        
        prevents the common cold
        
        prevents cancer
      - Pro-oxidant
        
        high vitamin C can release iron from storage protein
        
        Consequence
        
        free iron can cause cellular damage, acting like a free radical
      - Rebound scurvy
        
        seen when high intakes of vitamin C abruptly reduced
      - Kidney stones
        
        kidneys must concentrate urine to get rid of excess
        
        Consequence
        
        increased risk of kidney stones, especially in renal patients
  - - - Store in air-tight containers
  - - - vegetables and fruits
        
        citrus
        
        kiwi
        
        berries
- - - - cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme – protects cell membranes
      - spares the use of vitamin E
    - - Thyroid Hormones
        
        Se is needed to convert T4 to T3
        
        regulating BMR, growth and development, and body temperature
  - - - symptoms
        
        brittle nails and hair with eventual loss
        
        neurological damage
        
        fatigue
        
        irritability
  - - - symptoms
        
        severe joint pain
        
        cardiomyopathy
      - where to see
        
        people consume mostly local foods grown on selenium-depleted soils
    - - people with HIV or Crohn's disease
  - - - How?
        
        reduces the number of free radicals for vitamin E to neutralize
        
        Less Vitamin E is used to reduce free radicals
        
        More Vitamin E is available for other purposes in the body
        
        Activation of glutathione peroxidase
- - - - Pre-formed Vitamin A (animal foods)
        
        In animal foods
    - - Non-antioxidants Roles
        
        Health of mucous membranes In Epithelial tissue
        
        how?
        
        protects against infection in eyes, urinary tract, skin,lungs
        
        Immune systems
        
        needs retinoic acid to produce immune cells (T-cells) to fight infections (measles)
        
        vision
        
        how?
        
        rods and cones in retina at back of eye require vitamin A
        
        cornea at front of eye requires vitamin A
        
        Growth, Development & Reproduction
        
        cell differentiation
        
        needed to code for specific proteins
        
        bone
        
        break down old bone (osteoclasts) to permit bone turnover
      - antioxidant roles
        
        Some antioxidants properties
    - - Reproduction
    - - Vision
    - - Growth and developement
        
        In the body
    - - Vision
        
        Retina
        
        Night blindness
        
        Cornea
        
        Xerophtalmia (dry eye)
      - Growth, Development & Reproduction
        
        Animals cannot reproduce
        
        Children fail to grow
        
        Affect jaw development (poor dental and nutritional health)
      - Health of Mucous Mmbranes in Epithelial tissus
        
        Keratinization of cells occurs
      - Immune system
        
        Viral infection
        
        measles
  - - - Green & Orange Vegetables
      - Orange & Red Fruits
      - Fortified Cereal & Margarine
      - Storage
        
        Subcutaneous Fat
    - - No RDI
    - - Liver Converts into Retinol
        
        a little retinol in adipose tissue (fats)
      - Pro-Vitamin A
      - Retinoic Acid
      - Vision
    - - Nonantioxidant Roles
        
        Immune System
        
        Anti-Inflammatory
        
        Moderate Doses
        
        Pro-Inflammatory
        
        High Doses
        
        Eyes
        
        Aging (Macula)
        
        Skin
        
        Sun Protection
      - antioxidant roles
        
        Weak Oxidant
        
        neutralizes free radicals
        
        where?
        
        lipids in cell membranes and LDL
    - - increased risks of heart disease and cancer
    - - too much
        
        Hypercarotenemia
        
        Yellowing of Skin
        
        Non Toxic
      - too little
        
        Hypocarotenemia
        
        No Known Symptoms
  - - - Protein- rich foods
        
        Liver, fish oils, eggs (yolk), milk, butter, and cheese
  - - - RDA: 700ug daily for adult females
- - - - Sources
        
        Oysters, mussels, clams
    - - Sources
        
        Shellfish, meat, legumes
  - - - Sources
        
        Meat, poultry, spinach, beat
- - - - Plant food are non-toxic
  - - - Through accutane (oral)
        
        high risk if taken during pregnancy