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10 TYPES OF GRAMMAR - Coggle Diagram
10 TYPES OF GRAMMAR
COMPARATIVE
Studies how different languages or dialects are similar or different in their rules and structures.
In English, questions typically start with auxiliary verbs, like "Are you coming?" whereas in Japanese, the question can end with the particle "ka," as in "Kimasu ka?"
In English, we say "I love apples," while in French, it’s "J'aime les pommes." Both sentences convey the same meaning but differ in structure and vocabulary.
THEORETICAL
The study of the abstract and structural rules that govern language, focusing on developing models that explain the deep structure of language and the interconnections of these rules.
Research in theoretical grammar might investigate how different languages express tense and aspect, highlighting the underlying structures that shape these grammatical categories.
Theoretical grammar may explore questions like "Why do all languages have subjects and verbs?" to understand universal language features.
PRESCRIPTIVE
Based on how the language should be used. It considers the example of bad language, contending the right form should be. Study the rules of the use of words, phrases, clauses in sentences.
A sentence like "She runs faster than him" should be "She runs faster than he (does)." Prescriptive grammar emphasizes using the correct form of the pronoun in comparisons.
"He don’t like chocolate" should be corrected to "He doesn’t like chocolate." The prescriptive rule is that "doesn't" is the correct form for negative statements.
REFERENCE
Resources that provide detailed descriptions of a language's grammatical structures and rules, often used by advanced learners, teachers, or linguists.
"The Oxford English Grammar" offers detailed explanations of grammatical rules and examples to help readers understand the complexities of English.
"A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language" by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik is a well-known reference grammar that covers all aspects of English grammar in depth.
PERFORMANCE
The actual use of grammar in spoken or written language (including formal and informal event)
Common Slip: A speaker might say, "We were supposed to, you know, go to that, um, Borneo Sonic Festival last week, but...". The speaker stumbles and fills the conversation with hesitations.
Natural Speech: Someone might say, "So, um, I was at the zoo, and I, like, saw this really cool, uh, marine mammals..." (showing hesitation and informal speech patterns.)
GENERATIVE
Explains how people can create an infinite number of sentences using a set of basic rules and structures in their language.
From the sentence "The dog barked," we can generate "The dog that I saw barked." Demonstrates how additional phrases can be added to create new sentences from the base structure.
The basic structure "She reads books" can be transformed into "She often reads books in the evening." Illustrates how modifiers can expand the original sentence while keeping the same grammatical form.
MENTAL
The inherent knowledge of language rules that speakers have, allowing them to understand and produce sentences correctly.
"She likes Kolo Mee", speakers recognize the need for subject verb agreement
"I went to the shopping mall yesterday", speakers know to use the past tense
TRADITIONAL
The set of rules and concepts about language that have been passed down through time, often based on Latin or other classical languages. It typically deals with parts of speech, sentence structure, and grammatical categories.
The rule that adjectives usually come before nouns is illustrated with examples like "the big house" versus "the house big."
Traditional grammar categorizes words into parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives, teaching that every complete sentence must have a subject and a predicate (e.g., "The cat (subject) sleeps (predicate)").
PEDAGOGICAL
Grammar designed for teaching and focusing on simplified rules for practical usage.
Rule Simplification:A teaching material may emphasize using "is" or "are" with present tense, for instance "He is reading a book" or "They are going to the festival," making it easier for learners to form correct sentences.
Teaching Focus:A lesson might explain that in English, adjectives come before nouns such as "delicious Kampua" instead of "Kampua delicious".
DESCRIPTIVE
The set of rules of language is based on how it is used actually. There is no right or wrong. Also, describes language forms objectively and nonjudgmentally.
In some regions, speakers might say "I ain't got no money." Illustrates a common usage pattern, even though it differs from standard English.
Many people say "gonna" instead of "going to." Reflects how people actually speak in informal contexts.