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4.1 Introduction to Water System - Coggle Diagram
4.1 Introduction to Water System
The Hydrological Cycle
Definition : A system of water flows and storages that may be disrupted by human activity
Solar Energy as the Driver of Hydrological Cycle
Energy from the Sun drives the hydrological cycle , but how ?
Solar energy through
insolation
adds energy to liquid water,
Transforming
it water vapour through
evaporation
. Uneven surface heating creates wind,
transferring
water vapor horizontally within atmosphere (
advection
). Vapor loses energy as it moves,
condensing
and eventually falling as
precipitation
Evapotranspiration
? Sum of evaporation, sublimation and transpiration from tree to atmosphere
Sublimation
? The process of changing from solid to gas without the liquid phase
Basically the picture tell about the hydrological cycle, all the transformation and the transfers.
Not only solar energy involve in hydrological cycle, other energy also.
Kinetic energy
in advection.
Gravitational energy
in precipitation.
Heat energy
in causing air to rise. Solar energy also have many purposes in the cycle.
Chemical energy
for transpiration (cellular respiration in mitochondria)
Human Impact towards Hydrogen Cycle
Agriculture.
.Infiltration rate decreases because soil become more compact and water runoff increases
Different irrigation have different effect to water cycle. Sprinklers, more evaporation. Drip system, less
Compaction
from agriculture stuff, reduce pore size thus reduce the infiltration.
Ploughing
increase infiltration.
Waterlogging
increase salinization
*Deforestation
.. Reduce infiltration, Increased surface runoff, lower groundwater recharge , increased in soil erosion, and a major flash flood
Compaction
as raindrop impact increases because soil more more compact cuz no interception. Thus rate of
infiltration
decreases
EVT
decreases
Factory discharges
..Adding pollutants to water
Urbanisation, Canalising and Building reservoirs.
.Change the speed and direction of water flow
Urbanisation
..Water infiltration decreases, water runoff increases. Thus increasing the risk of flash flood
The drainage basinsystem
Definition : The movement of water over and throught the Earth's surface
Throughflow
? Process where water is flowing through the soil
Infiltration
? The passage of water into soil
Percolation ?
Downward vertical movement of water within a soil or rock
Ocean Circulation System (Ocean Conveyor Belt)
Definition : A system that influences the climate and global distribution of water
Driven by
temperature
and
salinity
. The resulting difference in water density drives the ocean conveyor belt, which distributes heat around the world and thus affecting climate
Warm ocean current move water from equator towards the pole
Cold ocean current move water away from cold region towards equator
Salinity..Concentration salts higher in warm seas due to high evaporation rates..Thawing of large iceberg decrease salinity.
How regional differences in the hydrological cycle influence the formation of different biomes
Thermohaline current = Temperature + Salinity
Effect of Climate Change to ocean conveyor belt
Climate change increase the temperature, thus warm current is greater than cold current. Affect the movement of the overall current
