Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Waxy Cuticle
        
        The waxy cuticle is a waxy layer that can be found at the top of the leaf that is used to reduce the amount of water loss from the top of the leaf. It is not permeable for water which means that it doesn't let water through.
      - Palisade mesophyll
        
        The palisade mesophyll is the layer of the leaf with the cells that have the most chloroplasts. This is becase the palisade mesophyll is where most of the photosynthesis takes place. It is a very densely packed layer to maxismise the efficiency of photosynthesis
      - Spongy Mesophyll
        
        The spongy mesophyll is a layer that has lots of air pockets, this lets the carbon dioxide to flow into the palisade mesophyll.
      - Lower Epidermis
        
        The lower epidermis is where the guard cells and the stomata are found.
      - Guard cells
        
        The guard cells control the opening and closing the of the stomata.
      - Stomata
        
        The stomata controls the gas exchange into and out of the leaf.
    - - Xylem
        
        Made up of Dead Cells
        
        These transport Water and Mineral Ions in the plant
        
        Transports from the roots to the leaves, going up only
        
        Adaptations
        
        Sieve Plates, specialised for transport with no nuclei alongside having its cytoplasm connect one cell to the next
        
        1 more item...
        
        No Cell Ends, letting the xylem have a continuous, hollow tube
        
        1 more item...
        
        The Xylem also functions thanks to Transpiration, a process where the plant transports water up thanks to evaporation
        
        The Phloem also has transpiration but ionwanna bother
      - Phloem
        
        Made of Living Cells
        
        These transport Sugar and Amino Acids in the plant
        
        Transports from the leaves to the rest of the plant going both up and down
    - - Usually at the bottom of the ground, used to get nutrients and minerals from the ground for the plant. Also helps stabilise the plant!
        
        Usually does this with diffusion and osmosis
  - - - Capillary
        
        One Cell Thick, making diffusion much easier
        
        Tiny Lumen
        
        Found throughout the whole body, transporting oxygen, nutrients and blood to the cells and organs.
      - Artery
        
        Thicker muscle and elastic tissue layer, Narrower lumen than the vein.
        
        Carries blood away from the heart
        
        Carries High Pressure Blood, with a thick muscle and elastic tissue layer to withstand it
        
        There are 3 Main Types of Artery
        
        Pulmonary Artery
        
        1 more item...
        
        Coronary Artery
        
        1 more item...
        
        Artery
        
        1 more item...
      - Veins
        
        They have a wider lumen and thinner fat and muscle layers compared to the artery
        
        Carries blood to the heart
        
        Carries Low Pressure Blood
        
        Has valves to prevent backflow of blood
        
        Also have 3 Types,
        
        3 more items...
    - - White Blood Cell
        
        Less than 1% of the blood combined with the platelets
        
        Much bigger than Red Blood Cells and has a nucleus
        
        Part of the defence system, producing antibodies against microorganisms
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        There are two types:
        
        Lymphocutes
        
        phagocytes
      - Red Blood Cell
        
        Around 45% of the blood
        
        Biconcave Disk Shape with no nucleus for more oxygen to store
        
        Transports oxygen around the body
      - Plasma
        
        Around 55% of the blood
        
        Yellow Liquid, transports blood cells around the body
        
        Carries Urea and waste CO2 to the lungs.
      - Platelet
        
        Less than 1% of the blood combined with the white blood cells
        
        Helps blood clot into a wound
        
        This clot hardens into a scab to protect the skin from bacteria and prevent bleeding out
  - - - Oxygen is inhaled and leaves the lungs and then is carried by red blood cells to the rest of the body
      - Carbon dioxide is exhaled and transported out the red blood cells to the alveoli
    - - Bronchus
        
        Bronchiole
        
        Alveoli
        
        1 cell thick diffusion distance
        
        Good blood supply
        
        millions of them = large SA area
      - Trachea
  - - - left side
        
        right side
    - - Atriums
        
        Right Atrium
        
        More muscle, thicker stronger due to more pressure form pumping blood
        
        Pumps blood to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place
        
        Also where the Pacemaker Cells are located
        
        Pacemaker Cells and Irregular Heartbeat
        
        1 more item...
        
        Left Atrium
        
        Weaker than the left atrium due to blood coming back and not as much pressure.
        
        Pumps blood all around the rest of the body
      - Ventricles
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Has Thinner Muscle than the left ventricle. Pumps blood to the lungs
        
        Left Ventricle
        
        Pumps Blood around the Whole Body
      - The heart itself
        
        Made of cardiovascular tissue
        
        Pumps blood around the body
        
        Does this in a Double Circulatory System
        
        This is where there are 2 blood circuits
        
        Travels from the heart to the lungs, oxygenating the blood. This goes first
        
        1 more item...
        
        Travels from the heart to the body, providing the oxygen and the nutrients across the whole body
        
        1 more item...
      - Valves
        
        Valves in the heart control blood flow, making sure the blood goes in 1 direction and has no backflow.
        
        However, there is a chance for leaky heart valves, where the valves stop functioning and need replacing
        
        Leaky Heart Valves Solutions!
        
        Mechanical Valves
        
        Needs an anti-clotting mechanism, which is pretty bad, alongside it's generally higher risk of clotting
        
        1 more item...
        
        Biological Valves
        
        Doesn't need an anti-clotting mechanism, whilst the mechanical does.
        
        2 more items...
        
        They both have advantages and disadvantages, where the connecting arrow helps indicate which.
        
        thanks i couldnt tell
    - - Right atrium
        
        Right ventricle
        
        Pulmonary artery (only artery Deoxygenated)
        
        Lungs
        
        Pulmonary vein (only vein oxygenated)
        
        Lungs
        
        1 more item...
      - vena cava
    - - where layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries
        
        this blocks the arteries, reducing the flow of blood reaching the heart, ending up with a lack of oxygen
        
        There are 2 main solutions to this
        
        stents
        
        A cylindrical steel object used to stretch the arteries open, widening the arteries and restoring blood flow
        
        it lasts a while too!
        
        statins
        
        Drugs that reduces cholesterol in the blood by reducing it in the liver
        
        thats actually all there is to it what the heck
- - - - Eukaryotic cells
    - - Prokaryotic
- - - - The state of physical and mental wellbeing
    - - That pathogens are microorganisms that cause communicable (infectious) diseases in plants or animals, and include bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.
  - - - Gonorrhoea
        
        Symptoms: Aggressive cloudy discharge from the genitals. Swelling of the testicles, lower abdominal pain, painful intercourse, painful urination.
        
        Treatment/Prevention: Antibiotics and Penicillin (although some have become resistant) can be used to treat Gonorrhoea. Physical protection (condoms). Less/No intercourse.
        
        Transmitted by: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Pregnant mothers can also transmit gonorrhea to their babies from birth.
      - Salmonella
        
        Treatment/Prevention: Antibiotics can be used to treat Salmonella. It can be prevented by preparing food properly and hygienically. Also Vaccinating the foods e.g vaccinating chicken in the UK
        
        It's usually easily cured by your intestines and immune system after about a week
        
        Symptoms: Fever, headaches, diarrhea, nausea, vomitting, abdominal cramps. ew
        
        Transmitted by: Eating contaminated foods, a common example being chicken that had the bacteria when it was alive.
      - unicellar!
      - Bacteria causes your body to feel unwell by emitting toxins.
    - - HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
        
        Symptoms: Initially Flu-like symptoms (tired, aches) and after a while your immune system will not be able to fight off infections as it damages the immune system (like in the name!)
        
        Transmitted by: Sexual Contact such as Unprotected Sex and exchange of bodily fluids, which could be from sharing needles and more.
        
        Treatment/Prevention: HIV can be treated using antiretroviral drugs. You can prevent the spread of HIV by not have sex and having protected intercourse. You can also prevent it by not using dirty needles.
      - Measles
        
        Symptoms: Red Rashes across the body, Fevers with high temperatures which could be fatal!
        
        Transmitted by: when an infected person with it sneezes and coughs.
        
        Treatment/Prevention: Using Vaccinations at a young age
      - TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
        
        Symptoms: Mosaic pattern of yellow and/or dark green patches on the leaves of the plant, malformation of the leaves or the parts where it's growing. Generally only effects tobacco and tomato plants
        
        This is pretty bad, with these patches not being able to do photosynthesis. This causes less sugars being made for proper growth, stunting growth.
        
        Transmitted by: Spread from plant to plant by direct contact or from contact with the hands of workers who have the TMV Virus on their hands. Not spread by vectors unlike other plant disease.
        
        Treatment/Prevention: Washing your hands before handling any plants and discard any plants that are infected with TMV.
      - Viruses make your body feel unwell by using your body's cells as a host and reproducing inside of them, causing cell damage.
    - - Rose Black Spot
        
        Treatment/Prevention: Chop the infected leaves off or spray fungicide on the plant. Make sure to destroy the leaves after so the fungi doesn't spread.
        
        Transmitted by: Direct contact of the affect spot to another plant that is not affected. Also by water or the wind!
        
        Symptoms: Purple/black patches on the leaves of the plant. The leaves could appear yellow or drooping. Especially in Roses (obviously)
        
        This causes less photosynthesis = less growth
    - - Malaria
        
        Transmitted by: Vectors (Mosquitoes) spreading from one host organism to another (the vectors dont even get the disease either wth)
        
        Treatment/Prevention: Killing the vectors and destroying their breeding sites, killing with insecticides, mosquito nets & repellents.
        
        Symptoms: Recurrent episodes of headaches and fevers (potentially fatal!)
    - - Physical/Chemical Barriers
        
        The skin acts as a physical barrier that blocks and doesnt let pathogens through, also just is there . Non-specific
        
        also secretes oil and antimicrobial substances!
        
        Your Nose has many hairs which can waft the pathogens out and mucus to trap the pathogens as they try enter by flowing through the air
        
        Your eyes secrete tears that contain enzymes that kill bacteria, preventing pathogens from entering through your eyes. Non-specific
        
        Your Mouth leads to your stomach, where your stomach absolutely engulfs and melts the pathogens. hella evil
        
        Your Ears have earwax to trap pathogens. Thats it.
      - The Immune System
  - - - Apart form HIV and Measles ------->
        
        Write down a letter of thanks here:
        
        "this got me 100% on my test" ~Jason Guan
        
        "this quizlet cured my cancer!" ~ Matthew Tsang
        
        "this quizlet helped me inject people" ~ Amir Orand
        
        ""nuo's quizlet made me orb!" ~ DB_Cat
- - - - First the mouse is injected with a specific antigen. The mouse's immune system responds.
        
        White blood cells called B-lymphocts produce specific antibodies to that antigen.
        
        Tumour cells are able to divide easily however, cannot produce antibodies.
        
        B-lymphoctes cells are fused with tumour cells to form hybridoma cells. Now they are able to clone and make antibodies faster.
        
        The antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies because they are formed from single cloned cells.
        
        The antibodies are harvested and purified for use.
- - - - hmmm
        
        Not my flash cards. Some replaced the link
        
        we're onto you nuo li.