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Biology - Coggle Diagram
Biology
B4: Organising Animals and Plants
Structures of the plant
Structure of the leaf
Waxy Cuticle
The waxy cuticle is a waxy layer that can be found at the top of the leaf that is used to reduce the amount of water loss from the top of the leaf. It is not permeable for water which means that it doesn't let water through.
Palisade mesophyll
The palisade mesophyll is the layer of the leaf with the cells that have the most chloroplasts. This is becase the palisade mesophyll is where most of the photosynthesis takes place. It is a very densely packed layer to maxismise the efficiency of photosynthesis
Spongy Mesophyll
The spongy mesophyll is a layer that has lots of air pockets, this lets the carbon dioxide to flow into the palisade mesophyll.
Lower Epidermis
The lower epidermis is where the guard cells and the stomata are found.
Guard cells
The guard cells control the opening and closing the of the stomata.
Stomata
The stomata controls the gas exchange into and out of the leaf.
The Cell Transport
Xylem
Made up of
Dead Cells
These transport
Water and Mineral Ions
in the plant
Transports from the
roots to the leaves,
going
up only
Adaptations
Sieve Plates,
specialised for transport with
no nuclei
alongside having its cytoplasm
connect one cell to the next
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No Cell Ends,
letting the xylem have a
continuous, hollow tube
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The Xylem also functions thanks to
Transpiration,
a process where the
plant transports water up thanks to evaporation
The Phloem also has transpiration but ionwanna bother
Phloem
Made of
Living Cells
These transport
Sugar and Amino Acids
in the plant
Transports from the
leaves to the rest of the plant
going both
up and down
Roots
Usually at the bottom of the ground, used to get
nutrients and minerals
from the ground for the plant. Also helps stabilise the plant!
Usually does this with
diffusion and osmosis
The Blood
Blood Vessels
Capillary
One Cell Thick,
making diffusion much easier
Tiny
Lumen
Found
throughout the whole body,
transporting
oxygen, nutrients and blood
to the cells and organs.
Artery
Thicker
muscle and elastic tissue layer,
Narrower
lumen than the vein.
Carries blood
away
from the heart
Carries
High Pressure
Blood, with a thick muscle and elastic tissue layer to withstand it
There are 3 Main Types of Artery
Pulmonary Artery
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Coronary Artery
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Artery
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Veins
They have a
wider
lumen and
thinner
fat and muscle layers compared to the artery
Carries blood
to
the heart
Carries
Low Pressure
Blood
Has
valves
to prevent
backflow
of blood
Also have 3 Types,
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Structure/Parts of the blood
White Blood Cell
Less than
1%
of the blood combined with the platelets
Much bigger than Red Blood Cells and has a nucleus
Part of the defence system, producing
antibodies
against microorganisms
Phagocytosis
Red Blood Cell
Around
45%
of the blood
Biconcave Disk Shape
with no nucleus for more oxygen to store
Transports
oxygen
around the body
Plasma
Around
55%
of the blood
Yellow Liquid,
transports blood cells around the body
Carries
Urea
and
waste CO2
to the lungs.
Platelet
Less than
1%
of the blood combined with the white blood cells
Helps blood
clot into a wound
This clot hardens into a scab to
protect the skin from bacteria
and
prevent bleeding out
Lungs
Gas exhange
Oxygen is inhaled and leaves the lungs and then is carried by red blood cells to the rest of the body
Carbon dioxide is exhaled and transported out the red blood cells to the alveoli
Structure of the lungs
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli
1 cell thick diffusion distance
Good blood supply
millions of them = large SA area
Trachea
Heart
In diagram
the
heart is inverted
left side
right side
C
o
m
p
on
e
nts of
the
heart
Atriums
Right Atrium
More muscle, thicker stronger due to more pressure form pumping blood
Pumps blood
to the lungs,
where gas exchange takes place
Also where the
Pacemaker Cells
are located
Pacemaker Cells and Irregular Heartbeat
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Left Atrium
Weaker than the left atrium due to blood coming back and not as much pressure.
Pumps blood
all around
the rest of the body
Ventricles
Right Ventricle
Has
Thinner Muscle
than
the
left ventricle. Pumps
blood
to the
lungs
Left Ventricle
Pumps Blood
around
the
Whole Body
The
heart
it
self
Made
of
cardiovascular tissue
Pumps blood around the body
Does this in a
Double Circulatory System
This is where there are
2 blood circuits
Travels from the
heart to the lungs,
oxygenating the blood.
This goes first
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Travels from the
heart to the body,
providing the oxygen and the nutrients across the whole body
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Valves
Valves in the heart
control blood flow,
making sure the blood goes in 1 direction and has no
backflow.
However, there is a chance for
leaky heart valves,
where the valves stop functioning and need replacing
Leaky Heart Valves Solutions!
Mechanical Valves
Needs an anti-clotting mechanism,
which is pretty bad, alongside it's
generally higher risk of clotting
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Biological Valves
Doesn't need an
anti-clotting mechanism,
whilst the mechanical does.
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They both have advantages and disadvantages, where the connecting arrow helps indicate which.
Flow of blood
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery (only artery Deoxygenated)
Lungs
Pulmonary vein (only vein oxygenated)
Lungs
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vena cava
Coronary Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Disease
where
layers of fatty material
build up inside the coronary arteries
this
blocks the arteries,
reducing the
flow of blood
reaching the heart, ending up with a
lack of oxygen
There are
2 main solutions
to this
stents
A cylindrical steel object used to
stretch the arteries open,
widening the arteries and restoring blood flow
it lasts a while too!
statins
Drugs that
reduces cholesterol
in the blood by reducing it in the liver
thats actually all there is to it what the heck
B5 - Infectious Disease
Definitions
Health
The state of physical and mental wellbeing
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause disease
Pathogens - Microorganisms that cause disease.
Bacteria
(Not the good bacteria that helps out in your body)
Gonorrhoea
Symptoms:
Aggressive cloudy discharge from the genitals. Swelling of the testicles, lower abdominal pain, painful intercourse, painful urination.
Treatment/Prevention:
Antibiotics and Penicillin (although some have become resistant) can be used to treat Gonorrhoea. Physical protection (condoms). Less/No intercourse.
Transmitted by:
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Pregnant mothers can also transmit gonorrhea to their babies from birth.
Salmonella
Treatment/Prevention:
Antibiotics can be used to treat Salmonella. It can be prevented by preparing food properly and hygienically. Also Vaccinating the foods e.g vaccinating chicken in the UK
It's usually easily cured by your intestines and immune system after about a week
Symptoms:
Fever, headaches, diarrhea, nausea, vomitting, abdominal cramps. ew
Transmitted by:
Eating contaminated foods, a common example being chicken that had the bacteria when it was alive.
unicellar!
Bacteria causes your body to feel unwell by emitting toxins.
Viruses
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Symptoms
: Initially Flu-like symptoms (tired, aches) and after a while your immune system will not be able to fight off infections as it damages the immune system (like in the name!)
Transmitted by:
Sexual Contact such as Unprotected Sex and exchange of bodily fluids, which could be from sharing needles and more.
Treatment/Prevention:
HIV can be treated using
antiretroviral drugs
. You can prevent the spread of HIV by not have sex and having protected intercourse. You can also prevent it by not using dirty needles.
Measles
Symptoms
: Red Rashes across the body, Fevers with high temperatures which could be fatal!
Transmitted by:
when an infected person with it sneezes and coughs.
Treatment/Prevention:
Using Vaccinations at a young age
TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
Symptoms:
Mosaic pattern of yellow and/or dark green patches on the leaves of the plant, malformation of the leaves or the parts where it's growing.
Generally only effects tobacco and tomato plants
This is pretty bad, with these patches not being able to
do photosynthesis.
This causes less sugars being made for proper growth,
stunting growth.
Transmitted by:
Spread from plant to plant by direct contact or from contact with the hands of workers who have the TMV Virus on their hands. Not spread by vectors unlike other plant disease.
Treatment/Prevention:
Washing your hands before handling any plants and discard any plants that are infected with TMV.
Viruses make your body feel unwell by using your body's cells as a host and reproducing inside of them, causing cell damage.
Fungi
Rose Black Spot
Treatment/Prevention
: Chop the infected leaves off or spray fungicide on the plant. Make sure to destroy the leaves after so the fungi doesn't spread.
Transmitted by
: Direct contact of the affect spot to another plant that is not affected. Also by water or the wind!
Symptoms
: Purple/black patches on the leaves of the plant. The leaves could appear yellow or drooping. Especially in Roses (obviously)
This causes less photosynthesis = less growth
Protists
Malaria
Transmitted by:
Vectors (Mosquitoes) spreading from one host organism to another (the vectors dont even get the disease either wth)
Treatment/Prevention:
Killing the vectors and destroying their breeding sites, killing with insecticides, mosquito nets & repellents.
Symptoms:
Recurrent episodes of headaches and fevers (potentially fatal!)
The immune system and defence against pathogens
Physical/Chemical Barriers
The skin
acts as a physical barrier that blocks and doesnt let pathogens through, also just is there .
Non-specific
also secretes oil and antimicrobial substances!
Your Nose
has many hairs which can waft the pathogens out and mucus to trap the pathogens as they try enter by flowing through the air
Your eyes
secrete
tears
that contain
enzymes
that kill bacteria, preventing pathogens from entering through your eyes.
Non-specific
Your Mouth
leads to your stomach, where your stomach
absolutely engulfs and melts
the pathogens. hella evil
Your Ears
have earwax to trap pathogens. Thats it.
The Immune System
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My Quizlet- made by Nuo Li. FREE TO USE
contains all the diseaseds we need to know
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Apart form HIV and Measles ------->
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