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Intro to Environmental exam ch1-4 - Coggle Diagram
Intro to Environmental exam ch1-4
Chapter 1
Environmentalists paradox
Environmentalists paradox and theories;
Human well being improved in the past 40 but natural ecosystems providing goods and services have declined.
Theories:
1) Flawed measurements
2) Enhanced food production
3) Tech makes us less dependent on the ecosystem
4) Lag between errors
DDT use and who is Rachel Carson? DDT gained widespread use during WW2 as highly effective insecticide against insects. Rachel Carson wrote silents spring
Junk science- inaccurate and often used to push agendas.
Sound science- Based on scientific method and supported by high quality evidences
Sound sciences, sustainability, and stewardship
Sound science- Knowledge gained through scientific methods about the natural world. Ex. observing how sound travels through water by listening to submerged objects being tapped at different distances.
Sustainability- process be continued indefinitely without depleting material or engery. ex. composting
Stewardship- maning natural resources through actions and programs for the greater good ex. driving rather flying
Chapter 2
GDP- (Gross Domestic Product) A measure of a countries economic output, but it doesn't consider the impact of ecomin activity on the environment.
GNP (Gross National Product) An economic metric that doesn't account for environmental factors like resource depletion or environmental degradation.
GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) Environmental economists means of measuring economic progress. economic sustainability.
Capitol building- legislative- passes laws that set environmental policy goals
White House-Executive- Implements congressional policy.
Supreme Court building- Judicial- Interprets laws and is represented by courts
Environmental laws require action from all 3 branches!
Ecosystem and goods and services? the economical benefits arising from the ecological functions of the ecosystems ex. clean air, and water, fertile soil for crop production (ways of supporting human well being and quality of life.
Cost benefit analyses are a key tool in environmental policy and economics because it helps decision markers understand how society will fare under different policy options. ex. policy design and implementations, accessing project impacts.
four stages of environmental policy
1) Problem diagnosis- identify the issue to be addressed
2) Policy Design- Develop policy proposals to address the issue
3) Policy implementation- put the policy in effect
4) Evalvation- assess the policy impact and consider chnages
Command-and-control: Sets specific standards across polluter. (to command levels and to control the manner in which it is achieved
Market based: Market forces and business models to address challenges in a sustainable and scalable way.
Centrally Planned economy- the one in which economic actives (production, consumption, and exchange) are governed by the government.
Free Market economy- governed by the market forces of supply and demand
NGOs?- and organization that generally is formed independent from government. Typically nonprofit entities
Differences between natural, produced, and intangible capital.
Intangible- is produced but doiesantbhave a physical form (patents, user fees, trademarks, etc)
Produced- the value of all human made assets that are used to produce goods and services in an economy (durable goods, machinery, etc.)
Natural- the worlds natural resources, such as air, water, and soil and all living things (fossil fuels and mineral resources, etc.)
Chapter 3
Biotic factors- Vegetation, Animals, Microbes
Abiotic factors- Non living, temperature water, humidity, air
Niche- sum of all conditions and resources under which species can live
Habitat- Area particular species is adapted to live in, defined by plant community and physical environment
8 hierarchical levels: Individual organisms- ex single living beings
Population- ex. group of same species living in a particular area.
Community- ex. different populations of organiams living in a particular area and interacting
Ecosystem- ex. community of living organism interacting with the nonliving environment
Landscape- ex. A cluster of ecosystems that interact
Biome- ex. Large area with same climate and similar vegetation
Ecoregion- ex. a geographically distant area with a unique combo of conditions and spices
Biosphere- ex. System of all living things (earth)
Limits of tolerance- A fish species that can survive within a specific range of water temperature, where if the water gets too cold, or hot, the fish will die
Zones of stress- the intertidal zone on a rocky seashore, where organisms experience increasing stress as they move higher up the shore towards the water line.
Cellular respiration; CR- C6H12O6 + 6Co2+ H2O +energy+waste
Photosynthesis; 6Co2+ H2O- (UV) C6H12O6+ 6O2
energy is not created nor destroyed (first law) the inevitable loss of engird as heat with transformation (second law)
1) Lithosphere- land 2) Hydrosphere- water 3) Atmosphere- air 4) Biosphere- Living organism
what is Synergism- The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their septette effect (1 bad= no good) (2 bad = really no good)
Eutrophication caused by? An excess of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, entering a water body, usually from sources like agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, and industrial waste leading to excessive plant and algae growth which can deplete oxygen levels in the water and harm aquatic life
Chapter 4
What is environmental resistance?
the sum of all factors that limit the growth of a population in an ecosystem.
what is the pattern of change equation? see graph
What is the difference between a population and community?
A population is a group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another. A community is all of the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another.
How do intra and interspecific competition differ?
Infraspecific competition is when members of the same species compete for resources, while interspecific competition is when members of different species compete for resources
Darwins finches?
Evolution in Darwin's finches is characterized by rapid adaptation to an unstable and challenging environment leading to ecological diversification and speciation. This has resulted in striking diversity in their phenotypes (for instance, beak types, body size, plumage, feeding behavior and song types).
What affects an organisms biotic potential and environmental resistance? Unfavorable climatic conditions; lack of space, light, or a suitable substrate; deficiencies of necessary chemical compounds or minerals; and the inhibiting effects of predators, parasites, disease organisms, or unfavorable genetic changes.
What is the difference between K vs. R strategists? How do K vs. R strategists relate to survivorship patterns? R-strategists typically thrive in unpredictable environments, mature early and have small bodies. K-strategists produce fewer offspring and devote more parental care than r-strategists, and their progeny thus have higher early survival rates.
What is the difference between biotic potential and environmental resistance? While environmental resistance acts like a hill pushing back against population growth, biotic potential is what urges a population to grow. Biotic potential has to do with how well a species can survive, including how well adapted it is to the environment and its rate of reproduction.
What are the two forms of population limits? what do they involve? Limitations to population growth are either dependent or density-independent. Density-dependent factors include disease, competition, and predation. Density-dependent factors can have either a positive or a negative correlation to population size.
Define a critical number. How is this used in wildlife conservation? Critical habitat is the specific areas within the geographic area, occupied by the species at the time it was listed, that contain the physical or biological features that are essential to the conservation of endangered and threatened species and that may need special management or protection.
How do top down and bottom up regulation of organisms differ? Top-down control is driven by predators, while bottom-up control is driven by resource availability.
What is a selective pressure, the process of natural selection, and how do they relate to evolution? What is a selective pressure, the process of natural selection, and how do they relate to evolution?
Draw a population logistic, J curve, and S curve. Where do we find each in nature?
