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Processes involved in regulating gene expression, Concepts applied to…
Processes involved in regulating gene expression
Acetylation is associated with euchromatin which is loosely packed allowing for transcription to occur
Methylation: associated with heterochromatin which is tightly packed, inhibiting transcription
Blocking of the RNA polymerase to the DNA
miRNAs during translation. These are small signle stranded RNA molecules that can bind to mRNA. These degrade mRNA or block its translation. The RISC complex binds to the mRNA and chews it up so it cannot be translated
Ubiquitin tags are placed on proteins so the proteases know that this protein needs to be destroyed
A decrease in gene expression would lead to a decrease in mRNA expression which leads to a decrease in making proteins
A gene that is hypermethylated would not be able to be transcribed, leading that gene to be "turned off"
High intensity exercise yields the most changes in methylation of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, but long term exposure to low intensity exercise may elicit similar responses
PGC-1 alpha gene promotes methylation of the promotor region of DNA therefore decreasing gene expression
Endurance training bodily responses--fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis and synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
Protein processing/posttranslational modifications amino acids----functional proteins
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
The proteins have to be folded correctly and if they aren't they are non functional f
Transport to cellular destination can also be blocked, cell itself, lysosome, membrane bound or secreted (exocytosis) SUMO proteins are able to block insulin's transport out of the cell
Concepts applied to homeostatic changes
Heat shock proteins, this is a great example of how protein synthesis (gene expression) is changed after a stressor. The protein then goes to work to protect the cell. This maintains homeostasis within the cell.
HSP increases expression of themselves and help fix damaged proteins (negative feedback loop)
The binding of insulin tells these cells to uptake glucose
DNA---mRNA--insulin
Beta cells in pancreas sense this increase in blood glucose
Increase in blood glucose
Beta cells tell pancreas to release insulin
Insulin then binds to receptors on liver and skeletal muscle cells