Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Exam 1: Origins of Life, Respiration, and Photosynthesis, Respiration,…
Exam 1: Origins of Life, Respiration, and Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
-
Stromal Reactions
RUBISCO - Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxidase;
fixes CO2 into organic carbon; up to 50% soluble protein 
-
Fixation - CO2 binds to RuBP, breaks into 2 C3 molecules
-
Adaptive Pathways
C3 Pathway - Plant takes in CO2, then fixes it and builds glucose subsequently
C4 Pathway - Plant takes in CO2, stores in mesophyll, then fixes it and builds glucose in the bundle sheathe
CAM Pathway - Plant takes in CO2, stores during the night, then fixes it and builds glucose during the day
Early Metabolism
Chemosynthesis, Heterotrophy, & Respiration - Predate photosynthesis in bacteria
Proton Motive Force - Uses inorganic material (H+) to generate ATP
Hyperthermophilia - Early prokaryotic life would have existed in high-temperature, anaerobic conditions
ATP - Produced by the addition of phosphate group to ADP; primary energy storage molecule
-
Chemosynthesis - Energy from inorganic materials used for metabolism; still extant in extreme conditions
-
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate; Primary energy-storing molecule in living organisms; created by phosphorylating adenosine diphosphate (ADP). #
Endosymbiont Theory - Theory that proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally microorganisms incorporated into heterotrophic cells
Cells
Membrane Bubbles - Arose from prebiotic environment; structural basis for life, biochemical reactions
Encapsulation Experiments - Deamer's experiments demonstrate dry-wet encapsulation of DNA, implications for biomolecule packaging
-
Membranous Organelles - Membrane-bound structures that perform diverse roles in the cells
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Eukaryotes
-
-
-
Complex Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments - Permanent, structural function
-
-
Respiration
-
Increasing Complexity - Higher complexity and specialized enzymes come about #
Glycolysis - Generates 2 ATP, 2 NADH from glucose; results in pyruvate which can be taken through pyruvate oxidation and then the citric acid cycle
Pyruvate - 3-carbon sugar produced by glycolysis; used in citric acid cycle and fermentation
-
Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) - Generates 28 ATP by deriving excited electrons from NADH to drive proton motive force across inner mitochondrial membrane
Fermentation - Use of pyruvate from glycolysis to replenish NAD+ from NADH, producing lactic acid or ethanol
Citric Acid Cycle - Generates NADH for oxidative phosphorylation and 2 ATP (as well as 2 FADH2) using pyruvate from glycolysis
ATP Synthase - Protein that utilizes proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP
-
NADH - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide; reduced to NADH; strong oxidizing agent
-
-
Similarity of Cellular Components - Cells across various organisms have many common features/homologs, indicative of common descent
-
-
Proton Motive Force - Protons pumped across membrane against concentration gradient end up flowing along gradient through ATP synthase #
-
-