Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

TOPIC 49. CONSTRUCTION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL EMPIRE…

- - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7sP2WdmWnE
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NbnhhE07QI
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9SaD3cV6fc&pp=ygUfd2hhdCB3YXMgdGhlIGVhc3QgaW5kaWEgY29tcGFueQ%3D%3D
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX3oNoW8NoI
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOS4zUcj8QM&t=67s
  - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wZENqb-g4M
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLLM2QJsvm8
  - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4Sbi-XkdSY
- - - - : animals as main characters because Kipling felt like a foreigner.
      - : criticised society and religion
    - - "Ladies": :<3:affairs with women from different places and races
- - - - War of Spanish Succession ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, under which Spain ceded Gibraltar and Menorca
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTRiVijXOKk&pp=ygUcZ3VlcnJhIGRlIHN1Y2VzaW9uIGVzcGHDsW9sYQ%3D%3D
      - 7YW (1756-1763) ended by the Treaty of Paris, under which France ceded to Britain much of its North American territory, conquered all the French bases in Senegal and Gambia , and Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Consequently, Britain gained control over India
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCPEm_tASdo
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HR-fzX5zuc
      - The British defeated Napoleon twice, first at the Battle of Trafalgar and then at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), securing British control of the seas and ending the Napoleonic Wars as well as Napoleon's reign.
        
        France ceded Tobago and Malta to Britain in 1814 under the Treaty of Paris.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8c-VtXwBtI
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnsUGrWNE1Q
    - - in 1770, James Cook took possession of Australia and New Zealand = establishing them as British penal settlements
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZW5hTCaVqfI&pp=ygUsamFtZXMgY29vayBhdXN0cmFsaWEgd2FsZXMgcGVuYWwgc2V0dGxlbWVudHM%3D
      - However, Britain lost 13 American colonies (USA) that initiated a political debate [on parliamentary reform, religious liberation, slavery, and mercantilism (free trade and state non-interference)] and a move to tighten the reins of empire elsewhere (Canada, Ireland, Caribbean) to compensate the loss.
  - - - the economic exploitation of people and resources
      - being concentrated in Africa, Asia and the Pacific
      - colonies being mostly occupied territories where a European minority controlled the politics and where the native population remained alienated
      - demographic pressure, helped by the development of transportation resulted in the emigration of British people to the colonies to find new opportunities
      - imperial policies that brought about a faster rhythm of occupation, a race for conquering territories that led to wars between the European powers, and eventually to the First World War.
      - nationalistic feeling based on theories about white race supremacy.
    - - New Zealand began to be colonised with the formation of the New Zealand Company (1839). The colony’s early years were troubled by the Maori Wars , which resulted in the breakdown of their tribal structure. The economy of New Zealand was greatly boosted by the discovery of gold in 1861. It became a dominion in 1907.
        
        https://youtu.be/V1Bc7RJDZYM?si=mikOqfT6GVT3nhzF
      - India's administration, after the Sepoy War (1856-7) , was transferred from The East India Company to the crown. In 1877 Queen Victoria had been proclaimed Empress of India, and in 1906 India was calling for self-government, gaining independence in 1947 but still being a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
        
        https://youtu.be/7rKrYVjgWQg?si=Lx3YdWXJeHkc7s-U
        
        https://youtu.be/oRjIeebfxho
      - Australia was first a penal settlement. Then, settlers realised the agricultural potential of Australia and focused on cultivating the hinterland. Demands for self-government increased after 1851 gold rushes .
        
        In 1901 Australia became an independent dominion of the British Empire.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJisOFDNLrY&pp=ygUsamFtZXMgY29vayBhdXN0cmFsaWEgd2FsZXMgcGVuYWwgc2V0dGxlbWVudHM%3D
      - Britain sold opium and bought silk and tea from China. This led to 2 Opium wars (1839-1858), since the Chinese government realised it was being illegally smuggled into China, creating addictive citizens, thus destroying the Chinese economy. After the first one Hong Kong was ceded to Britain and five ports were open to British traders. More ports were open after the second war. The conflict was ended by the Treaty of Tientsin (1858) and the Convention of Pekin (1860), legalised the opium trade and ceded the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain
        
        The weakness of the Chinese Empire led to its partition between European powers (1885-1911): Britain took the south and Yang-Tze region.
        
        https://youtu.be/f32MPPBJOjU?si=-RffqsIfvgc-oKd7
      - 🌍 Africa started as a slave trading depot in Ghana. Then it became a base for the naval patrols aimed to prevent other countries from continuing the slave trade. In 1880-81 took place the First Boer War between the UK and Boers of the Transvaal. The war resulted in a Boer victory and the restoration of the the South African Republic Independence. In 1899 broke up the second Boer War with a British victory. The war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging (1902) placing the Transvaal under British administration.
        
        On the Berlin Conference, Africa was carved and each European power was given their own section.
        
        https://youtu.be/L-9sd5Q_ifQ?si=dgvTAIEnkv0ROv7X
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Th_VbUAsok
      - Egypt attracted Britain's interest when the Suez Canal opened in 1869 as it significantly reduced the sailing times from London to Bombay. In the 1880s the Egyptians revolted against foreign control of the canal, but they lost the Anglo-Egyptian war of 1882 against various European countries led by the British. As a result, Britain maintained control of Egypt and the Suez Canal for the remainder of the 19th c.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zM5zaV80OPQ