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Exam 1, JPEG image, JPEG image, JPEG image, JPEG image, JPEG image, JPEG…

- - - - Metabolic reactions
    - - Simple
      - Dry and wet cycles
      - DNA + Lipids
      - Spontaneously formed
      - Lipid vesicle
        
        DNA inside
    - - Phospholipid
      - Micelle
      - Protective wall
      - Embedded proteins
        
        Metabolism
        
        Self identity
    - - Nutrients depleted
      - Selection pressure
      - Favored cells
        
        Metobolic pathways
        
        Less dependent
  - - - ~2.7bya
      - Geologically stable
    - - Connected membrane
      - Multiple organelles
        
        Plasma membrane
        
        Golgi body
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Nuclear envelope
    - - Microfilaments
        
        Actin
      - Intermediate filaments
        
        Permentant
        
        Dimmers -> tetramers
      - Microtubules
        
        Trackway
        
        Tubulin
  - - - Ancestral prokaryote
      - Eats
      - Doesn’t digest
      - Iinterpendence
      - Exchange DNA
    - - Circular DNA
      - Similar size
      - Self-replicate
      - Double membrane
  - - - Outer membrane
      - Inner membrane
        
        Cristate folds
        
        Oxidative Phosphorylation
      - Matrix
        
        Internal solution
        
        Critic acid cycle
    - - Chloroplasts
        
        Green
        
        Photosynthesis
      - Etioplasts
      - Chromoplasts
        
        Storage
        
        Pigment
      - Leucoplasts
        
        Colorless
        
        Monoterpene
      - Amyloplasts
        
        Startch storage
      - Elaioplasts
        
        Storing fat
      - Proteinoplasts
        
        Storing protein
        
        Modifying
    - - Outer membrane
      - Inner membrane
      - Grana
        
        Thylakoid stack
  - - - Protection layer
      - Turgor pressure
      - Composed of
        
        Cellulose
        
        Hemicellulose
        
        Pectin
      - Flexible
    - - Monosaccharide
      - C1
      - Building block
    - - Glucose monomers
      - Glucose bonds
      - Dehydration synthesis
      - Strong
    - - Chitin
        
        Insect exoskeleton
      - Keration
        
        Hair
        
        Fingernails
- - - - Glycosis
      - Pryuvate oxidation
      - Citric acid cycle
      - Oxidative phosphorylation
  - - - Glucose (C6)
    - - Pyruvate (C3)
  - - - Electrons stripped
      - Carbon dioxide broken off
        
        Acetyl Coenzyme A
  - - - Steps
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Pyruvate oxidation
        
        Citric cycle
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation
    - - Oxidizing agent
      - Vagi in niacin
      - FADH2
    - - Strong oxidizer
      - Reduced to FADH2
      - Vitamin B2
    - - Proton force
      - ATP synthase
      - Drive ATP
    - - Molecular machine
      - Mitochondrial cistrate
      - Prokaryotic membranes
    - - Proton motive
      - 4 large protein complexes
  - - - ATP
- - - - Limited by temp
    - - Stromalites
    - - Oldest
      - ~3.5-3.8bya
    - - ~2bya
      - Took time
      - Iron Plentiful
      - Little oxygen
    - - Iron formation
        
        Disappeared
      - Iron-rich oceans
        
        Disappeared
  - - - Stroma
        
        Dark reactions
        
        Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle
      - Thylakoid
        
        Light reactions
    - - Sunscreen
      - Without oxygen
    - - Absorb
        
        Wavelengths & reflect
      - Color
        
        Green light
        
        Reflection
        
        Absorption
        
        Transmission
    - - Pigment=energy
      - Electromagnetic
      - Visible spectrum
    - - a
        
        Abundant
        
        Peak absorption
        
        430nm
        
        660nm
      - b
        
        2nd abundant
        
        Peak absorption
        
        450nm
        
        650nm
    - - Carotenoids
      - Beta carotene
      - Broaden
        
        Absorption spectrum
      - Sunscreen
      - Visible in fall
    - - Funneled
        
        Special chlorophyll a
  - - - Antennal complex
      - Accessory pigments
      - Chlorophyll pigments
      - Reaction center
    - - Electron passed
        
        PSII to PSI
        
        Passed to plastoquinone
        
        Passed to cytochrome
        
        Passed to PSI
  - - - Flow of electrons
      - Electron energy drops
        
        Drag protons
      - Electrons return chlorophyll
      - PSI
      - Plastoquinone
      - Cytochrome b6f
      - Plastocyanin
    - - NADP+
        
        Oxidizer
        
        Final electron acceptor
      - Build proton motive
    - - More powerful
      - Sulfur bacteria
        
        One photsystem
        
        Pull electrons
        
        Chlorophyll= bacteriochlorophyll
        
        H2S
        
        H2O structure
        
        Sulfur lower
    - - Uses light
      - Oxygen & protons released
      - Oxygen diffuses out of stomata
      - Protons left behind
    - - Plastoquinone & Cytochrome b6f
      - Work in concert
      - Builds up lake
      - Cyclic & noncyclic photophosphorylation
    - - Proton motive
      - Molecular machine
      - Force P
        
        Onto ADP
        
        To form ATP
  - - - Fixation
      - Reduction
    - - RuBisCO binds
        
        CO2 & O2
      - Low CO2 binds O2
      - Disadvantages
        
        Not efficient
        
        Produces toxic by-products
      - Advantages
        
        Metabolis
        
        Drought prone
        
        High tolerance
        
        High salinity
        
        Reduce photo-inhibition
        
        Alpine environment
    - - Glucose production
      - Smaller molecules
      - Occurs in
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        Amyloplasts
        
        Cytosol
  - - - C4
        
        herbaceous forms
        
        Monocotyledons
        
        8145/15,000
        
        418 genera
        
        Dicotyledons
        
        1750/3000,000
        
        86 genera
        
        10/150 crops
        
        CAM
        
        More than c4
        
        20,000/300,000 dicotyledons
        
        30 families
        
        2/150 crops
    - - Multiple origins
      - Across clades
    - - RuBisCO
        
        Isolated
      - Carbonic anhydrase
        
        Water + CO2
        
        Bicarbonate
      - Pep carboxylase
    - - Low atmospheric
      - High temp
      - Environment dependent
    - - Evolved independently
      - ~30-25 MYA
      - Decline in CO2
      - Water declined
      - Reduce photorespiration
      - Dominant
        
        10Mya
        
        8Mya
    - - Seperate
        
        PEP and RuBisCO
      - Stroma Night
        
        Cooler
        
        Less water
      - At night
        
        Oxaloacetate reduced
      - During day
        
        Malte moves
        
        Vacuole & decarboxylated
      - PEP Carboxylase
    - - Similar C4
      - High light conditions
      - Arid conditions
      - High temp
- - - - Predated macromolecules
      - Hydrogen sulfide + Iron
        
        Pyrite
        
        Yield energy
        
        Yield chemical reducing
      - Powering fixation
        
        Carbon dioxide
        
        Form organic compund
    - - Energy
        
        Inorganic minerals
      - Extreme environments
    - - Hyperthermophilic prokaryotes
        
        No oxygen
        
        Die in oxygen
    - - Move electrons
      - Redox
        
        OILRIG
    - - Electron carrier
      - Move back and forth
        
        Oxidation-reduction
        
        Move electrons
      - Strong reducing agent
    - - Electron transport chain
      - Generates ATP
      - Beginning
        
        Circulation
        
        Electrons
        
        Protons
        
        Synthesis of ATP
    - - Adding ADP
      - High energy bond
      - Primary energy
      - Light-driven
        
        photophosphorylation
  - - - —> 2 ATP
      - <— 4 ATP
      - Begins
        
        Glucose C6
      - Ends
        
        Pyruvate C3
    - - NADH
        
        Recycled
        
        NAD+
      - Lactic acid
      - Ethonal
  - - - Began chemosynthesizers
      - Living
        
        Volcanic vents
      - Variation
        
        Bacteria
      - External energy
      - Standardized
        
        Calvin-Bendon-Bassham cycle
        
        Used by plants
    - - synthasize C compounds
      - Photochemistry
      - Precursor
        
        Photosynthesis
    - - Energy
        
        Create sugars
      - Plants
        
        Sunlight
      - Glycolysis
        
        2 ATP
      - Chemosynthesizers
        
        Oxidation
    - - Basic sugar
      - C6 H12 O6
    - - C6 H12 O6
      - Biological roles
        
        Alpha
        
        Energy storage
        
        Beta
        
        Structure
    - - Amylose
        
        Alpha 1,4 bonds
        
        Angular
      - Amylopectin
        
        Alpha 1,6 bonds
        
        Linear
- - - - Most abundant
        Ammonia and methane
      - Chemical reactions
    - - Stanley miller
        1953
      - Gases-early atmosphere
      - Abcense of oxygen
    - - Self replacing
      - Direct synthesis
      - Synthasize molecules
      - Chemical/solar energy
    - - PNA direct to RNA
      - RNA replaced as a precursor
      - Early conditions not right
    - - RNA
        
        Information rich
      - Form
        
        Self organization
      - Catalyze own replication
      - Evolution
        
        DNA stable library
        
        Proteins
        
        Catalytic funtions
    - - Simple beginnings
      - Biological freedom
      - Complex biochemistry
        
        Natural selection
        
        Gene duplication
        
        Lateral transfer
  - - - Microbial mats
      - Stromatolike
      - Isotopic signature
    - - Algae ~1.6bya
      - Land plants ~before 600mya
      - Seed plants ~350mya
      - Flowering plants ~150mya
    - - New forms
        
        Appear suddenly
      - Limited distribution
    - - Multicellular photosynthetic
      - Land
      - Origin-photosynthesis
      - Plant cell
      - Transition to land
      - Diversity
    - - Common core
      - ATP
      - DNA & RNA
      - Molecular machinery #
        
        Transcribing
        
        DNA to RNA
        
        Translate
        
        RNA to proteins
        
        Structure
        
        Regulation
    - - Taxonomic groupings
      - Evolutionary divergence
        
        Natural selection
    - - Similarities
        
        RNA + Proteins
      - History of life microbial
    - - Clues to descent
      - Fossils
      - Biological molecules
      - Isotopes
        
        Evidence or photosynthesis
    - - 99% C12
      - C14
        
        Decays
      - C13
        
        Discriminated
      - C12
        
        Living organisms enriched