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Strategies and Solutions, Breanna McAllister, Ava Mulzer, Gabriel Lavoie,…
Strategies and Solutions
History of permaculture
Permanent + Agriculture
Founders of permaculture
Bill Mollison - First thought of the idea in the 1960. David Holmgrem - His ecology student at the time.
Green Revolution brought upon: 1966-1985
High-Yield varieties
Synthetic pesticides
Fertilisers and modern machinery
Zero Carbon Britain Strategy
Goal is to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2030. How?
Renewables
Shift to wind power and biomass
Transportation
Increase use of electric vehicles and reduced air travel
Shifting to electric vehicles is not enough. Also need to reduce dependence on cars
Battery of electric vehicles has a significant carbon footprint The mining of minerals and manufacturing of the battery itself
"In 2009, toxic chemicals from one of the lithium mines leaked into a Tibetan river, polluting the water, which became filled with the poisoned, dead fish." (Rodriguez, 2023)
https://www.irreview.org/articles/2023/10/11/lithium-extraction-and-its-impacts-on-indigenous-communities
Energy reduction
Reduce energy use by 60% from 2010 levels
Land use
Shift diets towards more plant-based foods
Repurpose land from grazing to forestry
Sustainable vs regenerative
Regenerative: able to bring itself back into existence
Working in harmony with nature , environmental stewardship
Improves environmental conditions during manufacturing and use
This does not imrpove environmental conditions during manufacturing and use
Regenerative design
Permaculture principles being used
Each element performs many functions
Each functions is supported by elements
Earth care, people care, fair shares
Protect soil, water and air
Humans changing their impact to regenerative instead of deteriorative
Take no more than what you need, “share the surplus”
Principles backed up by science
Can be used to enhance productivity, sustainability, and ecological health
Sustainable: maintains what already exist
Sometimes misinterpreted as “better” for environment
Ex. Actually sustainable would mean 100% recycled
Doesn’t work in harmony with nature
Deteriorating nature
Regeneration
BIPV
Panels which serve as a roof, these panels generate energy for the building.
Building integrated photovoltaics.
Was started as part of the "Green Building" movement.
No external input of energy for 70% of the year, these panels over there life time pay themselves off then more.
Regenerative: The capacity to bring into existence again
Soil Conservation
1/3 of crop land has become unproductive; soil degradation affects food systems and livestock
Solutions
Repurposing land from grazing to forestry would result in the need to shift diets towards more plant-based foods
Ties into one of the Zero Carbon Britain Strategies
Avoid bare ground (cover crop)
Build soil organic matter (SOM)
Shield the soil through use of sand fences
Farmer-Managed natural regeneration
Protect existing forests
Needing added fertilizers, further loss of soil organic matter.
Challenges with a Changing Climate
Declining "Peak" Resources
Water, oil, gas, coal, uranium, metals, phosphorus, fish stocks, soil
Population Increase
9.5 billion by 2050; more food needs to be produced = more land cleared, more resources being consumed
Carbon Emissions
Leads to global warming and climate change; agriculture responsible for 1/4 net greenhouse gases; use of synthetic fertilizers, fossil fuel machinery, soil degradation, livestock
Land Degradation
soil erosion - desertification; connection between soil and water via hydrologic cycle leads to increased drought and also flooding
Loss of Biodiversity
In midst of "Sixth Mass Extinction" largely due to expansion of agriculture; habitat loss from land being cleared; loss of species results in unbalanced ecosystem
Increasing Poverty
Agroecology
Ecology + Agronomy
Agroecology: Application of ecological principles to agriculture systems and practices.
Agroecology principles
Minimising losses due to flows of solar radiation.
Securing favourable soil conditions.
Species and genetic diversification of the agroecosystems in time and space.
Enhance recycling of biomas.
Enhance beneficial biological interactions and synerisms among agrobiodiversity components.
Breanna McAllister, Ava Mulzer, Gabriel Lavoie, Jess Hill