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Metabolism - Sum of all chemical reactions in the body. - Coggle Diagram
Metabolism - Sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
2 types of metabolism
2 types
Catabolism - larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones; releases energy
Hydrolysis - reverse of dehydration synthesis
Decompose carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Anabolism - Small molecules are built into larger ones; needs energy
Produce polysaccharides, proteins, triglycerides
Dehydration synthesis
Enzymes - proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Lower the activation energy necessary to start reactions
Substrates are what the enzyme with act on
enzymes will end in (ase) like lipase
Rate limiting enzyme - functions at the slowest rate
Factors that alter enzymes
Cofactor - nonprotein substance that combines with the enzyme to activate it
coenzyme - organic molecule that acts as cofactors
Denaturation - inactivation of an enzyme
Metabolic pathways - series of enzyme controlled reactions leading to formation of a product
Energy for metabolic reactions
Energy - capacity to change something, or the ability to do work
Cellular respiration - transfers energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use
3 interconnected reaction sequences that play a role in making 36 ATP
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Gross 4 ATP
Net 2 ATP
Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
For each citric acid molecule: 1 ATP, 8 Hydrogen, 2 CO2
Electron transport chain (aerobic)
Process of cellular respiration
Cellular respiration requires a supply of glucose and oxygen. Final products are: carbon dioxide, water, ATP 40%, heat 60%
2 types of reactions
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Equation for cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Energy is held in Chemical Bonds and released when bonds are broken
ATP (adenosine Triphosphate)
3 portions - Adenine, Ribose (sugar), 3 phosphates in a chain
when ATP loses a phosphate it becomes ADP
ADP can turn back into ATP with phosphorylation
Carbohydrate Storage
Carb molecules from foods can enter 2 pathways
Catabolic pathways - energy production
Anabolic pathways for storage
Glycogen or Fat
DNA
Genetic information - instruction to tell cells how to construct proteins
Gene - sequence of DNA that contains info for making 1 protein
genome - Complete set of genetic info in a cell
exome - small part of genome that codes for proteins
Gene Expression - Control of which proteins are produced
DNA is a double helix - 2 chains of nucleotides
Nucleotides make up DNA and consist of: 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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DNA Replication - makes a copy of the DNA molecule which occurs during interphase
Protein Synthesis
2 processes
Transcription - Rewriting DNA to RNA = mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome
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Translation - Process of converting the genetic code into amino acids that become protein (happens at the ribosome)
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RNA - a single strand of nucleotides, has sugar and ribose instead of deoxyribose, and uses Uracil instead of Thymine
Types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRna
Mutations
Mutations - changes in the DNA sequence
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