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Aortic Stenosis - Coggle Diagram
Aortic Stenosis
Management
Medical Management
Symptom Control
Beta-blockers
Diuretics (if heart failure present)
Avoiding vasodilators
Surgical Intervention
Aortic Valve Replacement
Mechanical valve
Bioprosthetic valve
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)
For high-risk surgical patients
Follow-Up
Regular echocardiograms
Monitor for complications
Investigations
ECG
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Echocardiogram
Valve Area Measurement
Narrowed valve area (<1 cm²)
Cusp Mobility
Reduced motion of valve leaflets
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Cardiac Catheterization
Pressure Gradient Measurement
Difference between left ventricular and aortic pressures
Coronary artery assessment
Complications
Heart Failure
Reduced cardiac output
Pulmonary edema
Arrhythmias
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular arrhythmias
Sudden Cardiac Death
Due to severe obstruction
Arrhythmias
Pathophysiology
Valve Narrowing
Increased left ventricular outflow resistance
Narrow aortic valve orifice
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
Increased afterload
Left ventricular muscle thickening
Reduced Cardiac Output
Decreased stroke volume
Impaired organ perfusion
Etiology (Causes)
Congenital
Bicuspid aortic valve
Valve malformations
Acquired
Calcific (Age-Related)
Progressive calcification
Age > 65 years
Rheumatic
Complication of rheumatic fever
Immune-mediated inflammation
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Angina
Due to myocardial ischemia
Syncope
During exertion
Decreased cerebral perfusion
Dyspnea
Due to pulmonary congestion
Heart failure
Signs
Systolic Murmur
Ejection murmur heard at the right upper sternal border
Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
Weak and delayed carotid pulse
S4 Heart Sound
Stiff left ventricle