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THE 18TH CENTURY: THE ENLIGHTENMENT, DESPOTISM AND PARLIAMENTARIANISM,…
THE 18TH CENTURY: THE
ENLIGHTENMENT, DESPOTISM
AND
PARLIAMENTARIANISM
The
scientific revolution
and
technological advances
Rationalism
Stated that the truths established by authority and tradition should be criticised
Empiricism
Claimed that we should not accept reasoning thet could not be empirically validated through observation and experimentation
The
enlightenment
: the
culture
of
optimism
Characteristics of Enlightenment
The
Enlightenment
was a new intellectual movemant appeared among the educated elites of the 18th century
Optimistic intellectual movement expressed different ideas
Progress
Was thought of as the development of knowledge
Happiness
Was considered an individual right and a societal aspiration that leaders qere obligated to provide
Reason
was understood as human rationality that could iluminate the darkness and society's errors
The society between 16th to 18th century was stll largely illiterate
The evolution of the Enlightenment
They placed a lot of importance on education and pedagogy
The Enlightenment led to different scientific and technical innovations
Four important mens
Voltaire
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Jhon Locke
The spread of enlightenment ideas
The most important book was the
Encyclopédie
They were spread by word of mouth in gatherings of the nobility and upper middle class
Scientists and intellectuals gathered in academies
Women in the enlightenment
Four important womens
Salons: Marie-Thérèse Rodet
María Gaetana Agnesi
Émilie du Châtelet
Mary Wollstonecraft
The enlightenment in Spain
Enlightenment ideas also had an influence in Spain
The Crown also sponsored various scientific expeditions
The main Enlightenment thinkers
Jovellanos
Floridablanca
Campomanes
New educational institution
Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País
The agricultural revolution of the 18th century
Agricultural innovations
Continuous crop rotation
Crops that replenished the soil
The fallow method
Many products from the Americas were grown
Parliamentarianism and enlightened despotism
Parliamentary monarchies
They developed institutional and legal systems that controlled the monarch's power
Parliamentary republican political systems
It remained in place in some parts of Europe
The exception was the United Provinces, which formed its own colonial empire
Enlightened despotism
Was a variant of absolutism that incorporated 'trickledown'
Monarchs thought that the Enlightenment ideas of universal progress and happiness would help them govern
Spain: the bourbon reforms and their limits
The war of succession and its consequences
When Carlos II of Habsburg died there were two pretenders to the throne
Carlos of Habsburg
Felipe of Bourbon
Several kingdoms within the Hague Alliance declared war on France and on Felipe V
the Hispanic Monarchy a civil war broke out in 1705
The European war ended with the signing of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713
Felipe V used the Nueva Planta decrees to abolish the courts, fueros, diputaciones generales, customs and fiscal systems
Political reforms
The old Habsburg model of government, was replaced by cabinets
The fueros, laws, institutions, tax regimes and customs of Navarra and the Basque provinces remained
Regalist policies were carried out in the Church
Foreign policy
The Hispanic Monarchy, led the Spanish kings to ally themselves with France in what are known as Family Compacts
