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Minerals - Coggle Diagram
Minerals
Mineral Properties
Hardness: determines whether or not a material can be scratched by a particular mineral
Differentiate hardness of a mineral
Mohs Hardness scale: 1-10
(fingernail- 2.5, Nail 4, glass plate 5.5, streak plate 7)
Luster: light reflects off surface of mineral Non-metallic- translucent or transparent
Metallic- looks like a metal
Streak: grinded small sample of mineral from streak plate (porcelain) leaving a color of streak
Crystal Habit: Distinctive crystal shapes Formed from their Atomic Structure
(cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, prismatic, dipyramid prismatic, pyritohedron, rhombohedron, Bladed)
Color: colors that are distinctive to certain minerals
Can also have a wide range of colors
Cleavage/Fracture
Cleavage- when a mineral breaks along a plane or planes/ parallel, flat planar surfaces
Fracture is an irregular surface which can reflect light at many different angles
Density; measure of mass of the mineral per unit volume
Other Properties; calcite reacting to (HCL) acid Magnetite being strongly magnetic
Sphalerite giving off smell
Halite tasting salty
Talc feels soapy
Striations - parallel scratches
Minerals Grouped
Sulphide Minerals; tend to have metallic sheen
Sulphate Minerals: cation has a +2 charge
Oxide minerals:
have oxygen as their anion
Halide Minerals: made of ionic bonds
Phosphate minerals: enamel of your teeth, turquoise
Silicates: elements silicon and oxygen
Silicate Tetrahedron
Isolated tetrahedra
Chain silicates
Sheet silicates
Framework Silicates
Carbonate minerals:
group combines with +2 cations
Bonding/Lattices
Ionic Bonds: chemical bond in that electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Cation
Anion
Covalent Bonds: Chemical bond formed when atoms share outer-shell electrons
Metallic Bonds: outer shell electrons that are loosely held and move between atoms
Dissociated electrons move freely
Electrical conductivity
Malleability
Van der Waals Forces/ Hydrogen Bonds:
Atoms; all matter including mineral crystals
Electrons:
negative charge
mass is 10,000x smaller than protons and neutrons
Orbiting around nucleus are arranged in shells
Neutrons: no charge same mass as protons
forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are isotopes
Protons:
positively charged
forms nucleus
repel each other
neutrons hold them together
of protons is atomic number
of protons & neutrons in nucleus is mass #
Minerals Formed Mineral: naturally occurring crystalline with definite chemical composition
-solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical composition, atoms crystal structure
Precipitation: Mineral formation where chemical reactions produce solids from liquids or gases