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canine and feline cardiopulmonary - Coggle Diagram
canine and feline cardiopulmonary
thoracic cavity (peritoneum/pleural cavity)
bound by thoracic vertebrae dorsally
bound by ribs and ic muscles laterally
bound by sternum ventrally
mediastinum - area between lungs
heart
trachea
esophagus
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic structures
diaphragm - big broad sheet of skeletal muscle
when contracts, flattens out
relaxed - sits in dome shape with apex cranial
pleura
very thin membrane lining thoracic cavity and covering all organs and structures
visceral layer covers organs
parietal layer covers cavities
space between two layers filled with fluid to ensure smooth movement
respiratory system
primary function - o2 in, co2 out
system works together with the cardiovascular sytem
secondary fnctions
phonation
regulation of body temp
acid base balance
sense of smell
respuration
external respiration - exchange of 02 and co2 between inhaled air and blood flowing through pulmonary cavities
internal respiration - exchange of o2 and co2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and all the cells and tissues of the body
structures
upper respiratiry tract (outside the lungs)
nostrils
nares - external openings of respiratory tube, lead into nasal passages
nasal passages
between nostrils and pharynx
nasal septum separates left and right nasal passage
hard and soft palates separate nasal passages from the mouth
turbinates (nasal chonchae)
tiny little scroll like bones, very thin
divide each nasal passage into 3 main passageways
covered in nasal epithelium
dorsal and ventral
lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
cilia peroject from the cell surfaces up into a layer of mucus
helps catch foreign bodies and trap to remove
mucus is secreted by mucous glands and goblet cells
functions - warm, humidify, filter air
pharynx
common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems
soft palate divides pharynx into the dorsal nasopharynx (respiratory passageway) and the ventral oropharynx (digestive passageway)
casual end of pharynx opens dorsally into the oesophagus and ventrally into the larynx
work together so that we don't breathe in food etc
reflexes controla ctions of the muscles around the pharynx
larynx and pharynx work together to prevent swallowing from interfering with breathing and vv
swallowing - breathing stops, opening into larynx is covered, material to be swelled moves to rear of pharynx, oesophagus opens
after swallowing, layrnx is reopened and breathing resumes
larynx
short irregular tube connecting pharynx with the trachea
composed of segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and the surrounding tissues by msucles
supported in place by the hyoid bone
cartilage components
epiglottis
arytenoid cartilages
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
prevents food being inhaled
vocal chords two connected tissue bands attached to arytenoid cartilages and
trachea
aka windpipe
short wide tube
extends form larynx into thorax
divides into two main bronchi (bifurcation) that enter the lngs
composed of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by hyaline cartilage rings
lined with ciliated epithelium
often cats get upper respiratory tract infections
lower respiratory tract
bronchi
right and left
extends into bronchial tree
bronchioles
tree branches
alveolar ducts
at the end of the branches, attach to the alveoli
end in groups song alveoli
arranged like bunches of grapes
alveoli
alveolar sacs - groups of alveoli
alveolar collapse: atelectasis
responsible for gas exchange (co2 & o2)
lungs
convex lateral surface lies against inner surface of the thoracic wall
mediastinum - area between the lungs
inspiration
process of drawing air into lungs (inhalation)
results from enlargement of the volume of the thoracic cavity by the inspiratory muscles
main inspiratory msucles
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
located in the external portion of the intercostal spaces
expiration
process of pushing air out of lungs
decrease in size f thoracic cavity
main muscles
internal ic muscles
abd muscles
contraction of muscles pushes abdominal orgains against diaphragm and pushes diaphragm back into original space
the cardiovascular system
veins and arteries
veins
Casey blood toward heart
blood flow is passively directed by skeletal muscle contraction (skeletal muscle pump)
valves
no pulse
artieries
away fro geart
blood flow directed by muscle layer actively (tunica media) of vessel wall
no valves
pulse
capillaries
smallest of all (1 celll thick)
assist with exchange at a cellular level
composition of heart
walls
pericardium
outer layer
outer fibrous pericardium: fibrous connective tissue
protects the heart
loosely attaches the heart to the diaphragm
fairly firm sac
parietal pericardium
below ofp
under gap is visceral pericardium
pericardial fluid in between two in pericardial cavity
myocardium
located inside the sac formed by the pericardium
thickest layer of heart tissue
mscle
endocaridum
thin me mrbanous lining between myocardium and chambers of heart (touches the blood)
external anatomy
auricles 0 larges and most visible parts of the atria
left ventricle- long and narrow, thick walled, terminates at the apex of the heart
right ventricle - broader surface area, wraps around left ventricle
aorta is largest artery, walls are thickest of any blood vessel
sinoatrial node
specialised area of cardiac muscle cells located in right atrium
generates electrical impulses that tigger repeated beating of the heart
systole and diastole
systole
contraction of ventricles and emptying
diastole
relaxation of ventricles (filling of ventricles
mean arterial pressure: systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
blood flow through the heart
veins collect deoxygenated blood from the tissues
the vena cavae empty into the right atrium
blood passes through right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle of the heart
during systole, right ventricle constructs and tricuspid valve closes
blood is ejected from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries
from the pulmonary arteries blood passes through branching vessels to the pulmonary capillaries of the alveoli where oxygen exchange takes place
oxygenate blood flows through the pulmonary capillary network, vessels merge together and increase in diameter, eventually becoming pulmonary veins
bring blood into left atrium
blood flows from left atrium through left av valve (mitral bicuspid valve) into the left ventricle
during systole, mitral valve snaps shut, left ventricle contracts and blood enters coronary arteries and aorta through aortic valve
from the aorta blood travels through arterial branches (carotid and subclavian, and also descending) to tissue capillaries, oxygen and nutrient exchange occur and deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart
vascular anatomy
subclavian arteries branch off the aorta and travel towards the thoracic limbs
carotid arteries branch off one or both subclavian arteries
main trunk fo the aorta arches dorsally then travels caudally
numeros branches emerge in the thoracic and lumbar areas
main trunk of the aorta splits at the hind limbs into the iliac arteries and further into femroral arteries
coccygeal artery emerges at caudal aorta
venipuncture
cephalic vein - craniomedial aspect of forelimb
femoral vein - medial aspect of hind limb aka medial sphenous
lateral saphenous: lateral aspect of hind limb
jugular veins
ventral aspect of. each side of the neck in the jugular groove
close to the carotid arteries
care must be taken to avoid accidental injection into the carotid artery
caudal epigastric vein
milk vein
ventral aspect of each side of the abdomen
thin walled, superficial, prone to hematoma formation
coccygeal vein
ventral midline of the tail
common for cattle