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musculature - canine and feline - Coggle Diagram
musculature - canine and feline
tissue types in the body
epithelial tissue
hair
skin
nails
all on the inside of body lining cavities
uterus
vaginal canal
mouth
abdomen
thorax
nervous tissue
grey matter
spinal cord
nerves
connective tissue
fat produced in yellow marrow
visible throughout abdomen
provides a cushion
acts as insulation
stores vitamins
fascia
smooth thin layer of connective tissue over all muscles in the body
very thin membrane
ligaments
attach bone to bone
eg. stifle joint (knee)
cranial cruciate ligament
caudal cruciate ligament
medial meniscus
lateral meniscus
tendons
attach muscle to bone
good example - gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor - achilles tendon
main muscle for flexion of hind leg attacked to distal aspect of femur and connects to hock
sdf attaches to tibia, connects through tendon to hock at toes
gastroc tear or full tear is possible
aponeuroses
broad sheets of tissue eeg. linea alba
white line of connective tissue
reaches from typhoid cartilage down to pubic symphosis
where abdominal incisions are made - surgeons cut along to allow for best healing of muscles after surgery
where rectus abdominal muscles connect to each other - best chance of healing from incision
muscle
skeletal
voluntary striated muscle
controlled by conscious mind
some also work on autopilot eg. diaphragm, intercostal etc
moves bones of skeleton
connected into insertion points of skeleton
locations
cutaneous - panniculus relex
mans don't have
twitch skin to get rid of flies etc (reflex)
head and neck
abdominal muscles
thoracic limb
pelvic limb
muscles of respiration
cell
muscle contains muscle fibers (cells) which contain myofibril
very very long (numerous inches)
organised cylindrical components
multinucleated
myofibril are arrangement of proteins in cell
looks striped under microscope ... striated
anatomy of mucle
myo = muscle
sarco = muscle cell
cardiac
involuntary striated
has myofibrils (striated)
only in heart
never fatigues/never stops working
intercalated discs
neural impulse from there to create contraction
typically up to two nuclei per cell
branched
smooth (aka non striated involuntary)
multi unit
small discrete groups that work alone
tiny contractions and fine movements
needs external stimuli
eg. ciliary muscle - allows fine focus in vision
visceral
large sheets in hollow organs
responsible for large wave like motions
eg. urination
eg. perystalsis
no external stimuli - responds to stretching
both have actin myosin filaments
spindle shaped
no myofibrils
non striate
mononucleated
muscle movement often works in opposition
eg. when biceps contract triceps relax
biceps are agonist in this case
triceps are antagonist in this case
attachment sites
gastrocnemius (calf muscle) has a long tendon connecting to hock (heel)
origin is femur - remains stable
insertion is hock - moves with flexion
origin and insertion
origin is term given to protein of muscle staying most stable during contraction
triceps brachii
origin - scapula
insertion - olecranon
name game
prime mover (agonist)
muscle or muscle group directly producing desired movement
antagonist
directly opposes action of a prime mover - cannot act as both
synergist
muscle or group contracting at same time as PM to assist
fixator
stabilises joints to allow other muscles to move
muscles have names for different reasons
biceps brachii - forelimb vs biceps femoris - large hamstring muscle on lateral aspect of femur
flexor vs extensor
shapes
locations
direction of fibre
number of heads or divisions
attachment sites
clinical application
intramuscular injections
safe locations per species
canine and feline
common muscles and muscle groups
most common - epaxial aka lumbar
broad dense muscle grouping lining the veterbral column
chosen bc thorax has ribs, cervical has shoulder etc.
easy to access
fingers placed on wings of ileum and spine - triangle landmarking
direct needle slightly away from the spine
other common place - semimembranosus-semitendinosus muscles
sit on caudal aspect of femur
considerations for groups
cautions to each go those
beef and dairy
trapezius muscle
cervical not thoracic
dairy
semitendinosus semimembranosus
we try not to use legs on animals that stand for the majority of their lives
rump as a last resort (gluteal muscle)
area delineated by the sacru, wing of ilium and ischium
equine
cervical trapezius
gluteal muscles
to think about
drainage
horses very susceptible to swelling in distal limbs
pectoralis best for this as easy drainage without interference
injury/pain
likelihood of injecting into other anatomical location
pectoralis
contraindications for specific locations
not all medications are intramuscular
some could be subcutaneous or intravenous
voluume changes depending on categoriy
absorption time changes
subcu take longer as less vasculature - 20-45mins
im - 15-20mins for absorption
iv almost immediate
muscle condition scoring
can assist in the determination of ongoing disease processes
is there muscle loss or muscle wasting?
felines
around zygomatic arch and saggital crest and dorsal to zygomatic arch
scapula
spinal
ischial tuberosity
canines
pelvis
animal could be 5/5 overweight on body condition but losing muscle
care of muscles and associated tendons
equine distal limb care during and prior to shipping, racing etc.
most often equine specific
before and after exercise
leg wrapping
ensure tendons are rotated medially to ensure they don't rotate laterally
care of muscles to assist in the healing post surgery
passive range of motion
PROM
supporting the leg manually, flexing and extending within full range of motion to ensure muscle maintains its condition without causing further pain
use of muscles to prevent permanent damage