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RFE (RFE= retail food environment)
(Titis et al., 2021), Food…
RFE (RFE= retail food environment)
(Titis et al., 2021)
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RFE mapping :
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activity spaces (schools, work, etc)
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food insecurity
Need to move beyond access and to community ownership of food system to address long term food insecurity
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food mirage- there are grocery stores but prices too high for LI HH -> travel/time burden = food desert
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Food sovereignty/Food justice- right of people and communities to determine their agricultural policies and food cultures (Noll & Murdock, 2019)
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ligns with social justice- demands recognition of human rights, equal opportunity, fair treatment, participatory, community specific
(Murray et al., 2023)
Healthy, sustainable, and equitable food is a human right
Social equity
Food security-
Food systems transformation
Community participation and agency
Environmental sustainability
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“Triple crisis”- obesity, undernutrition, and climate change undermine the conditions for human and planetary health
Agency- capacity of individuals and groups to exercise their voice and make decisions about their food systems
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Food justice has emerged as a response to social inequalities faced by marginalized communities seeking to address food needs
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Food is NOT just an economic commodity, it is the basis of culture
Food insecurity- difficulty at some time providing enough food for all their members because if a lack of resources
(Rabbitt et al, 2024)
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FI related to clinical evidence of hypertension and diabetes (therefore FI is a risk factor of these conditions)
Diabetes may also increase risk of FI (due to HC costs, etc)
adjust their food budget, reduce their food intake, and alter the types of food they eat to less nutritious (but also less expensive) food
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Food/nutrition environments
(Glanz, 2009) & (Glanz et al., 2005)
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Limitations of the "food desert" term (Sevilla, 2021)
doesn’t point out the root underlying causes of lack of access to healthy food in certain communities
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Implies that these areas are naturally occurring when they are the result of systemic racism, disinvestment, and oppression
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Term food desert is attention grabbing but impedes understanding that areas of inadequate food access do exist (McEntree, 2009)
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Everyday disinvestment- individual level decision making that plays into structural disinvestment under racial capitalism
Avoidance, Distancing - avoid neighborhood grocery stores; associating negative, risk, unclean things with it and its customers
Selective engagement- would only shop there quickly; only good for non fresh items -> searching for “best” place to buy “best” products
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Disinvestment- resource allocation and the underlying decision making process of where resources should be spent
Racial capitalism makes it seem like the spaces we disinvest in are “bad” and the ones we invest in are “good” -> we don’t question why we think that which => more uneven development
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Food apartheid - highlights how intersectional root causes and racist policies shaped these areas and led to limited access to healthy food
term food apartheid can ead us to create solutions that focus on food sovereignty, community driven solutions, and systemic change
Solution: Reparations- fairly allocate land and money and work toward repairing historical inequities based on race
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Built enviornment
(Chrisinger, 2023)
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If we don't discuss root causes, our own bias sneaks into our thinking about how to best address issues
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Food security- consistent, dependable access to enough food for active healthy living (Rabbits et al, 2024)
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Food security is necessary within food sovereignty but need more than just that to create food sustainable communities -> we shouldn’t see the two as mutually exclusive
Food security programs include “negative” rights/ limit positive rights- > meaning that these food security programs don’t let people choose what food they’re eating, how it’s produced, etc
Food systems
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Food systems usually require large, ONGOING labor
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Food systems transformation- radical change needed to dramatically improve environmental, health, and livelihood outcomes
Urban food access
Redlining- redlining neighborhoods that were “hazardous” for lenders -> this constrained BIPOC communities from accessing capital and social mobility and led to disinvestment and resource deficiencies in BIPOC communities
Increase in Black, Hispanic, minority, or disabled residents = reduced food access
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GEOGRAPHY
Structural racism => food inaccess, limited econ. Opp, neighborhood divestment, substandard housing, env pollution in urban neighborhoods -> can all be traced by geography
*”Because of systemic racism, people’s racial/ethnic identities influence both the neighborhoods they live in and their access to food”
Uneven investments in gentrification and redevelopment => displacement of BIPOC communities => urban food injustice
“Afterlife of slavery”- Black lives still put in danger and devalued by political arithmetic that was entrenched before => skewed life chances
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Food access
(Costigan, 2020)
Measuring food access
(Ploeg et al., 2014)
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affordability
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SNAP, WIC
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MEANS TESTED Subsidies on healthy foods increase healthy eating by amount of subsidy - can integrate into SNAP
governments have adopted a needs based response to food insecurity rather than rights based approach
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28% of FI HH considered food prices, limited income, or insufficient SNAP as barriers to buying food
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focuses only on distributive justice- fair allocation of resources BUT puts responsibility on individuals and HH to meet their own food security needs
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