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U21. Non-finite forms: to-inf/-ing - Coggle Diagram
U21. Non-finite forms:
to-inf/-ing
3. Non-finite forms in English
Static
No tense/person/number
roles: N, Adj, Adv
Inf: to
Gerund: -ing
Participles: -ing/-ed (+ versatile)
4. Infinitive form
full: to; purpose/intention
bare: ∅ to; permission
Simple and complex situations
Full
Uses:
1.Purpose/Intention
2.After x vbs
3.After adjectives
4.Preferences
5.Too/enough structures
Functions:
1.Subject (
to learn is important
)
2.Object (
he decided to leave
)
3.Modifier (
he left early to catch the train
)
Bare
Uses:
1.After modal vbs
2.After x vbs
3.?/-
4.In specific constructions (
why wait?
)
Functions:
1.Vb complement (
w/aux. vbs
)
2.After do in ?/- (
she did not finish
)
3.As modifier in specific phrases; idioms (
you'd better go
)
5. The -ing form; gerund vs present participle
Gerund
-ing = vbal noun
both noun + vbal properties
Fishing is my favourite sport
Present participle
-ing = vbal adjective
both adj + vbal properties
she is working
5.2.
Forming the -ing form
Spelling adjustments; spelling rules:
Drop final -e/
Double final consonant with one-syllable vbs
-ing added to -y (
study
)
-ie changes to -y before -ing (
die
)
5.3.
Main uses
1.
Adjective
(
present ppl
):
attributive pos - describing noun
predicative pos - part of vb phrase
2.
Vb
(
present ppl
):
DO
Modified by adv
part of adv clause (
being late, he missed the train
)
3.
Noun
(
gerund
)
Articles (
the sinking of...
)
Plurals (
his talkings are
)
Predicative complement (
this is working hard
)
Subject/object
5.4.
Main functions
Subject/DO (
gerund
)
Predicate, complementing the vb (
seeing is believing
) - (
gerund
)
After prepositions (
gerund
)
Relative clauses (
present ppl
), to describe nouns
Adverbial clauses (
being the best candidate, he won
) - (
presnt ppl
)
In Idiomatic expressions (
there's no point in arguing
) - (
gerund
)
6. Infinitive vs -ing form
Structural differences
Contextual uses
:
inf: purpose
-ing: ongoing actions
6.2.
Vbs followed by either form + ≠ meaning
remember, stop, try
6.3.
Complementation patterns
inf --> vbs of intention, desire, obligation
hope, plan
-ing --> vbs of enjoyment, avoidance, consideration
suggest, enjoy
6.4.
Functions in sentences
inf --> S/O/Adv modifier (
to err is human
)
-ing --> S/O/Adj/ part of continuous tense (
running is healthy
)
7. Teaching and Learning Implications
Common challenges - correct use ↓ Strategies for effective lg acquisition:
1.
Memorising common vb patterns
-Internalisation --> learners develop intuitive sense
-Schmid's, 1990 -->
noticing
- learners aware of lg structures they encounter
2.
Consciousness - raising activities
-Ellis, 1994 --> learners' attention on specific grammatical structures: explore - discuss - analyse
-Activities supplemented by targeted practice
3.
Using mnemonic devices
-Retention + application; easier to recall
Teachers, key role:
Clear explanations + examples (real - life mat)
Practice through ≠ exercises
Visual aids (
charts/diagrams
) --> memorisation + practical application
Extensive reading - Schmidt's NOTICING HYPOTHESIS (see how natives use lg - better understanding)
Regular feedback (teachers/tutors/peers) - identification of common errors
INTRO
stopped to consider
vs
stopped considering
--> ++ correct use of the inf or -ing to avoid miscommunication, even in high-stakes business contexts
Aim: analysis of both + focus on their main features, uses, and functions
(in the
2.Theretical framework
, mention authors and woks)