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Respiration - Coggle Diagram
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
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4 Main stages
- Phosphorylation of glucose - Hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules
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- Phosphorylated glucose, splits into two - forms 3C triose phosphate molecules
- Oxidation of each triose phosphate (loss of hydrogen) - Producing 3C pyruvate
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- ATP is produced from substrate level phosphorylation (2 ATP per triose phosphate)
Summary
net yield of 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate
- 3C pyruvate molecules are converted to 2C acetate
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Carbon dioxide is produced, from the conversion - through a "decarboxylase enzyme"
- A hydrogen is then lost - With the use of dehydrogenase enzyme
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- Acetate is activated by combining co-enzyme A - Producing "Acetyl co-enzyme A"
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Since there are two molecules of pyruvate per glucose, it takes place twice for each glucose
Summary (per pyruvate / acetyl co-enzyme A) - 1ATP, 2CO2, 1FADH2, 3NADH
Reaction requires - Oxygen, Enzymes, Water
- Acetate fragment combines with a 4C compound - allowing the co-enzyme A to be regenerated
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- 4C compound is regenerated when 6C loses a CO2 and 5C loses a CO2
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- 8H ions are lost, in pairs of two which reduce NAD and FAD
- One molecule of ATP is produced via "substrate level phosphorylation"
- The electron transport chain
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- Proton pumps are powered by NADH + FADH2 then converted to NAD + FAD
Both gain an electron each, and are then reused back in glycolysis, as they donate an electron
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FADH2 powers 2 instead, therefore producing 2 ATP
- Proton pumps located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, and pump H+ ions into the inter-mito. mem.
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- The H+ ions travel down into the matrix, through the stalked particle via chemiosmosis into the matrix (high to low conc.)
- Traveling through the stalked particle creates energy for oxidative phosphorylation, which is used to turn ADP + Pi --> ATP
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- The final electron acceptor is oxygen, and they combine to form water
The whole process creates 38ATP, ATP may be used to produce some of the reactions although, therefore the yield is most likely about 30-32 glucose
Basic Knowledge
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Substrates such as fatty acids + glucose are broken down, releasing energy
During respiration, high energy bonds are broken and lower energy bonds are formed, the remaining is attached to ADP + Pi to make ATP
High energy bonds = C-C, C-H, C-OH
Other sources of energy
Fats
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Long fatty acid chains split into 2C fragments, which are used in the Krebs cycle as acetyl co-enzyme A
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Carbohydrates
Glycogen + Starch are hydrolysed to release glucose, then used for glycolysis
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Triacetin is a triglyceride, which part A split into triose phosphate using 1 molecule of ATP, and 2C fatty acid side chains which can be turned into acetyl CoA
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