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Where are they found?, Vitamin E Toxicity, Vitamin C Toxicity, Selenium…

- - - - Cardiomyopathy and severe joint pain
      - Cause by food sources that are grown in selenium-depleted soils
      - The soil throughout America is rich in selenium, rare to have selenium deficiency in North America
    - - Increased risk of oxidative damage
      - Weakened immune Function
      - Reduced Thyroid Hormone Activity
  - - - Selenium and Vitamin E tested for prostate cancer prevention
    - - No significant evidence for cancer prevention
      - Slight (non-significant) increase in diabetes in men taking Selenium suppliments
  - - - Use gentle cooking methods
        (e.g., steaming, baking)
        
        Avoid excessive boiling
  - - - Non-antioxidation
        
        Thyroid Hormones
        
        Necessary for converting thyroid hormone thyroxine to triiodothyronine, which regulates metabolism and growth.
- - - - Preterm infants often been place in incubators which to increased oxidative stress on lung membranes
      - Oral supplementation are given to use for correct the deficiency
      - The transfer of Vitamin E from mother to fetus is in the last few weeks of pregnancy. Therefore Vitamin E is low stores in preterm infants.
    - - Loss of integrity of red blood cell membrane.
      - Decreased oxygen transport capacity
      - Fatigue and lethargy
  - - - Food Source
        
        Strawberies
        
        Broccoli
        
        Bell peppers
        
        Citrus fruits
  - - - Store in air tight containers, away from light
      - Avoid deep frying and high heat cooking
  - - - Antioxidation role
        
        Protect DNA and other cell compunds from oxidizing damages in nucelar membranes and mitochondrial
        
        Protects cell membranes by capturing free radicals, preventing damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
        
        Antioxidant role in lung cell membranes
    - - Non-antioxidation role
        
        Reduced Platelet Aggregation
        
        Inhibiting protein kinase C, contributing to heart disease protection.
        
        For successful reproduction
- - - - Bleeding gums
      - Failure of wounds to heal
      - Weakness
      - Painful joints
      - Loose teeth
      - Petechiae: pinpoint hemorrhage on face and limbs
      - Scurvy
    - - Alcohiolics
        
        Often have nutrient-poor diets which may lack sufficient Vitamin C
      - Burn patients
        
        Collagen are needed for wound healing and skin repair so Vitamin C is need to synthesize collagen.
      - Smokers
  - - - Why Special RDA of Vitamin C for certain people
        
        Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant, and certain conditions or lifestyles (like smoking) increase oxidative stress, increasing the need for antioxidants.
        
        +35 mg/day of Vitamin C to combat free radical damage from tobaccos
      - RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances): 90 mg/day for men (19+)
      - RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances): 75 mg/day for women (19+)
  - - - Ascorbic acid (reduced form)
        
        Protects against oxidative damage by donating hydrogens with their electrons to free radicals becoming dehydroascorbic acid
        
        This relationship is key to Vitamin C as a antioxidant.
      - Dehydroascorbic acid (oxidised form)
        
        Can readily accept hydrogens to become ascorbic acid.
  - - - Restores Vitamin E to active form
      - Keeps folate (B-vitamin) coenzyme intact
      - acts in both intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments
      - Non-antioxidant roles
        
        Enhances Iron Absorption
        
        Enhances the absorption of non-heme iron from plant sources.
        
        Keeps dietary iron in its ferrous state (Fe2+), facilitating its uptake.
        
        Collagen Synthesis
        
        Vital for synthesizing collagen, which is crucial for the structure of various tissues.
        
        Helps maintain the strength of connective tissues, skin, tendons, scar tissue, blood vessels, and gums.
        
        Plays a role in minimizing bruising and promoting effective healing of wounds.
    - - Antioxidation role
        
        Cellular activity
        
        Functions in both intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments.
        
        Reduces nitrosamine formation
        
        Lowers the production of nitrosamines in the stomach, which are potential carcinogens.
        
        Preserves folate
        
        Maintains the integrity of folate, a vital B-vitamin coenzyme.
        
        Electron donor
        
        Donates an electron to free radicals, preventing damage they may cause and restoring vitamin E to its active antioxidant form.
  - - - Minimize loss
        
        Use minimum water for cooking
        (steaming, microwaving)
        
        Avoid overcooking
        
        Store in airtight containers
- - - - Found in animal foods
      - Forms
        
        Retinol
        
        Function in Reproduction
        
        Retinal
        
        Function in Vision
        
        Retinoic Acid
        
        Function in Growth & Development
      - Stored
        
        90% in liver, little in adipose tissue
      - Deficiency
        
        Vision
        
        Night blindness: slow sight recovery from flashes of light under dim conditions
        
        Xerophthalmia (dry eye) which leads to blindness in more than 350,000 children each year
        
        Growth and Development
        
        Animals cannot reproduce, children fail to grow properly and deficiencies in early life can affect jaw development
        
        Health of Mucous Membranes in
        Epithelial Tissues
        
        decreased mucus production
        
        Keratinization of cells, hardening of epithelial cells, increased risk of infection, decreased absorption through intestinal cells
        
        Immune function
        
        Children in developing countries have a high incidence of measles
      - Toxicity
        
        Acute and Chronic
        
        Medical treatment for acne.
        
        Accutane
        
        Retin A
        
        Food intake
        
        High intake of animal foods such as pate, especially for children. This is teratogenic to fetuses.
        
        Supplements use at 3-4x DRI-RDA level
        
        PRO-OXIDANT action and increased cancer risks
        
        Symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, headaches, dry skin, enlarged liver or spleen and bone defects
    - - Found in plant foods
        (the original source in nature)
      - 600 different carotenoid pigments,
        50 common in human diet
        
        Beta-carotene
        (greatest biological activity)
        
        Alpha-carotene, Lycopene, Cryptoxanthin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin
      - Absorption enhanced with fat
        (e.g., adding oil to carrot juice)
      - Stored in adipose tissue or liver, where they can be converted to retinal and retinol
      - Beta-carotene can be split to form retinol if needed (intestine)
      - Transported via chylomicrons to liver and via retinol-binding protein (RBP) to target tissues
      - Antioxidant Properties
        (especially beta-carotene)
      - Food Sources
        
        Orange vegetables and fruits
        (e.g., carrots, squash, apricots)
  - - - Can reduce oxidative stress
        
        Functions as an antioxidant
        
        Fat soluble:
        
        protects against oxidation of cell membrane and Low-Density Lipoproteins
      - Toxicity
        
        Does not cause toxicity due to inefficient conversion to retinoids
      - Hypercarotenemia
        
        Accumulation in the skin (yellow skin color) from high intake
      - Deficiency
        
        No known symptoms of Beta-carotene deficiency
      - Source
        
        Yellow, orange and green leafy fruits and vegatables
  - - - Provides precursor to retinoids
      - Immune system support
        
        anti-inflammatory effect at low doses and pro-flammatory effect at high doses
      - Skin
        
        Protective against sun damage
      - Eyes
        
        Protective towards age-related damage to the macula
    - - Vision
        (Retinal)
      - Growth and development & reproduction
        (Retinoic acid)
      - Immune function
      - Health of mucous membrane in epithelial tissue
        
        protects against infection in skin, lungs, cornea, urinary tract, bladder
- - - - Donate their elections to free radicals, effectively neutralising them.
        
        Free Radicals
        
        What are they?
        
        Unstable atoms that contain a unpaired electron in their outer orbital.
        
        Caused by normal metabolic processes
        
        Example: oxygen accepts an extra electron in a metabolic reaction and becomes a free radical
        
        When bonds break, atoms can be left with unpaired electrons.
        
        Immune responses, production of ATP or oxidising CHO, PRO and fat
        
        Environmental Factors
        
        pollution, radiation exposure, excessive sunlight, toxic substances and tobacco smoke
        
        What do they target?
        
        oxidative damage
        
        Damage to cell membranes (lipids), cellular proteins, blood LDL lipoproteins and nuclear DNA.
    - - Antioxidants activate enzymes to destroy free radicals