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The dawn of the universe - the big bang - Coggle Diagram
The dawn of the universe - the big bang
Before the big bang and how it occured
A plausible hypothesis is that there was a soup of short-lived elementary particles such as quarks, with matter and antimatter in roughly equal quantities
Something can never come from nothing in our understanding of physics so there has to be something
Some do believe that nothing was before the big bang and something did come from nothing using evidence such as the energy fluctuations that cause particles to constantly be created and destroyed "out of nothing" -Quantum field theory
It is believed to be in a state of quantum fluctuations
The universe began, scientists believe, with every speck of its energy jammed into a very tiny point. This extremely dense point exploded with unimaginable force, creating matter and propelling it outward to make the billions of galaxies of our vast universe
Dark energy and Dark matter
Dark energy is making the universe accelerate in its expansion
It is thought to counteract gravity as a sort of ant- gravity or ant pressure
Dark matter is inferred because of the gravitational pull it exerts on regular matter. One hypothesis states the mysterious stuff could be formed by exotic particles that don't interact with light or regular matter, which is why it has been so difficult to detect. It is invisible due to this fact.
Dark energy is thought to be the strange force that is pulling the cosmos apart at ever-increasing speeds, but it remains undetected and shrouded in mystery. The existence of this elusive energy, which is thought to make up 80% of the universe
immediately after the big bang
The planck epoch
Shortly after its birth, the cosmos was a blistering sea of particles and radiation.
As the universe expanded and cooled, positively charged protons were able to capture negatively charged electrons to form neutral atoms (mostly hydrogen, plus some helium)
The earliest stars were likely starkly different from modern ones. When gravity began pulling material together, the universe was very dense. Stars probably grew hundreds or thousands of times more massive than the Sun and emitted lots of high-energy radiation.
The cosmic dark ages - It likely took a long time for the gaseous hydrogen and helium to coalesce into stars, which then gravitated together to form the first galaxies. But even when stars began to shine, their light couldn’t travel very far before striking and being absorbed by neutral atoms.
the first stars and galaxies
The earliest stars were likely starkly different from modern ones. When gravity began pulling material together, the universe was very dense. Stars probably grew hundreds or thousands of times more massive than the Sun and emitted lots of high-energy radiation
these heavyweight stars were short-lived. Scientists think they quickly collapsed, leaving behind black holes
There wasn't a single star in the universe until about 180 million years after the big bang.
dark matter, a still-unknown material that outweighs visible matter by more than five to one, provided a gravitational scaffold for the first galaxies and stars.
Once the universe's first stars ignited, the light they unleashed packed enough punch to once again strip electrons from neutral atoms - reionization.
How the universe evolved
In the billions of years since, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies have formed and re-formed—eventually yielding our home galaxy, the Milky Way, and our cosmic home, the solar system.
Even now the universe is expanding. To astronomers' surprise, the pace of expansion is accelerating
mostly hydrogen and helium. Hundreds of thousands of years later, electrons stuck to the nuclei to make complete atoms.
Over billions of years, stars "cook" hydrogen and helium atoms in their hot cores to make heavier elements like carbon and oxygen.Large stars explode over time, blasting these elements into space. This matter then condenses into the stars, planets,
How the universe will evolve into the future
The universe is still expanding and there is no evidence that it will stop anytime soon
Some physicists believe that the universe will expand to a point where it will eventually collapse in on itself
The last star will slowly cool and fade away. With its passing, the Universe will become once more a void, without light or life or meaning." -Brian Cox
The fading of that last star will only be the beginning of an infinitely long, dark epoch. All matter will eventually be consumed by monstrous black holes, which in their turn will evaporate away into the dimmest glimmers of light. Space will expand ever outwards until even that dim light becomes too spread out to interact. Activity will cease.
The collision of our galaxy(the milky way) and the andromeda galaxy
Heat death/Big chill
the universe will cool as it expands, eventually becoming too cold to sustain life.
The universe today
Due to cosmic background microwave radiation, our universe sits at around 3K
The observable universe is around 93 billion light years wide with the edges of the universe expanding at greater than the speed of light which is possible since it isn't matter it is space time itself
The universe is estimated to be at least 250 times larger than what we can observe but there is no reliable estimate for this so many believe it is infinitely large
The average size of a main sequence star is about half the size of our sun although many are thousands of times bigger than our sun such as Stephenson 2-18
There are many massive objects in the universe besides stars such as supermassive black holes or even ultramassive black holes like Ton-618 which is the largest observable object in the universe
There are many peculiar and awe inspiring events in our universe that are unexplainable such as the great attractor
Many mysterious and amazing celestial objects reside in our universe such as pulsars, quasars, neutron stars, etc.