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Foundation of Curriculum - Coggle Diagram

- - - - He proposed the three laws of learning: Law of readiness, Law of exercise, Law of effect.
      - Specific stimulus has specific response
      - He championed the connectionism theory.
    - - Behavior is based on prerequisite condition.
      - He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.
      - He proposed the hierarchical learning Theory. learning follows a hierarchy.
    - - The key to learning is early years of life is to train them what you want them to become.
      - S-R Theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.
      - He is the Father of classical conditioning theory.
  - - - Theories of Lev Vygotsky
        • Cultural transmission and development stage. Children could, as a result of their interaction with society, actually perform certain cognitive actions prior to arriving at developmental
        • Learning precedes development.
        • Sociocultural development theory
      - Key to learnings
        • Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to development.
        • The child is an active agent in his or her educational process.
    - - Gardner's multiple intelligences
        
        Humans have several different ways of processing information and these ways are relatively independent of one another.
        
        There are eight intelligences: linguistic logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
    - - Theories of Jean Piaget
        • Cognitive development has stages from birth to maturity.
        • Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
        Preoperational stage (2-7)
        Concrete operations stage (7-11)
        Formal operations (11-onwards)
      - Key to learnings
        • Assimilation (incorporation of new experience)
        • Accommodation (learning modification and adaptation)
        • Equilibration (balance between previous and later learning)
    - - Emotional Quotient
        
        Emotions contains the power to affect action.
  - - - Gestalt Theory
        
        Human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of stimuli.
        
        Learning is explained in terms of "wholeness" of the problem.
    - - Classic theory of human needs.
      - A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of the world.
      - He advanced the Self-Actualization Theory.
      - He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust.
      - Key to learning
        • Produce a healthy and happy learner who can accomplish, grow and actualize his or her human self.
    - - Nondirective and therapeutic learning
        
        Key to learning
        Curriculum is concerned with process, not product; personal needs, not subject matter, psychological meaning, not cognitive score.
        
        He established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.
        
        Children's perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influence their learning and behavior in class.
  - - - Things that surround individuals can change, develop their behavior.
      - Considered two fundamental elements which are schools and civil society
      - Influence of society and social context in education
    - - Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future.
      - Suggested that in the future, parents might have the resources to teach prescribed curriculum from home as a result of technology, not in spite of it. (Home Schooling)
      - Wrote the book Future Shock
      - Foresaw schools and students worked creatively, collaboratively, and independent of their age
    - - Schools as agent of change.
      - Knowledge as an agent of change.
      - Society as a source of change.
  - - - Emphasis on active learning and critical thinking.
      - Involvement of students in planning curriculum content and instructional activities.
      - Constant need for school improvement.
      - Need to align content with standards.
      - Reduce student conformity in classroom.
      - Major book: A Place Called Schools, 1984; What Are Schools For? 1989
      - Curriculum organized around needs of society and the students.
    - - Understand the nature of the educational experiences.
      - Curriculum involves multiple discipline.
      - Broaden the concept of curriculum to enrich the practices.
      - Curriculum should be studied from a historical, racial gendered, phenomenological, postmodernd, theological and international perspective.
    - - Teachers use questioning and problem posing approach to raise students' consciousness.
      - Emphasis on questioning problem posing and critical thinking.
      - Education as a means of shaping the person and society through critical reflections and "conscientization".
      - Major book: Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1968