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Biology Paper 1, Cell Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Steps
        1. Set up 6 boiling tubes, each containing the same volume of liquid, containing different concentrations of sugar, varying in from 0.0 mol/dm to 1.0 mol/dm(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 0.1). Use distilled water for 0.0 mol/dm concentration.
        2. Prepare 6 potato cylinders. Dry each potato cylinder using a paper towel to remove excess liquid and record its mass before placing it into one of the boiling tubes.
        3. Leave the potato cylinders in the boiling tubes for a certain amount of time (e.g. 1 hr)
        4.Remove potato cylinders from boiling tubes, remove excess liquid with a paper towel and record its mass.
        5. Repeat the experiment to obtain multiple values of mass change for each solution. This way we can calculate a mean and remove identify and ignore anomalies
      - Results
        
        Potatoes in high concentrations will shrink as they will have more water in them at first and to balance it all out they shrink. It will be plasmolysed (it's when the vacuole shrinks due to water loss by osmosis)
        
        Potatoes in low concentrations will swell up as the liquid around them had more sugar in it so to balance it out the cells expanded and took in as much water as needed.
        
        Potatoes that were in the same concentration of liquid as they had inside them did not change in size or mass as there was nothing to balance out.
        
        You can plot results on graph paper, connect them with a curved line of best fit and then where the line goes reaches 0 at y, the x will give you the concentration of sucrose in the potato's vacuole.
      - Aims
        
        To investigate the effect of a range of sucrose (sugar) on the mass of potato cylinders.
        
        To find the concentration of cell sap(that's what is in the vacuole of cells) of potato cells
      - Risks
        
        do not cut the potato cylinders towards your hand
        
        the potato has to be placed on a ceramic tile when using the cork borer
        
        wear goggles when working with chemical solutions
    - - It's the diffusion of water molecules from a high concentration of water (dilute solution) to a low concentration of water (more concentrated solution) across a semi-permeable cell membrane.
- - - - controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
    - - site of aerobic respiration, produces energy needed for the cell to survive and function and contains enzymes for cellular respiration.
    - - genetic material is stored
    - - these are the site of photosynthesis, which is required to make glucose for the plant. Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, and gives leaves their green colour.
    - - contain additional genes, such as for antibiotic resistance, which may increase a bacterium's chance of survival.
    - - the cytoplasm is a solvent in which chemical reactions take place
    - - provides rigidity to the cell, is made of cellulose
    - - filled with cell sap - can extend and shrink to keep cell the same size
    - - where protein synthesis( the making of protein) occurs (very small structures)
  - - - Plant cells
        
        has genetic material in the nucleus
        
        has a cytoplasm
        
        has a cell membrane
        
        has a mitochondria
        
        has ribosomes
        
        has a cell wall
        
        has chloroplast (with chlorophyll inside)
        
        has a permanent vacuole
      - Animal cells
        
        has a cell membrane
        
        has a cytoplasm
        
        has genetic material in the nucleus
        
        has a mitochondria
        
        has ribosomes
    - - Bacterial cells
        
        has cytoplasm
        
        has a cell membrane
        
        has a cell wall
        
        genetic material is in a single DNA loop
        
        there may be small rings of DNA called plasmids
        
        smaller than eukaryotes
  - - - have flagellum, making it faster for them to swim.
        Sperm cell has many mitochondria, which provide the energy needed for the tail’s movement.
        the head has enzymes to break down the wall of the egg
        nucleus provides genetic material for fertilisation
        produced in large numbers to increase the chance of fertilisation.
    - - contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen molecules around the body
        no nucleus, allowing more space to carry oxygen
        biconcave (dips on both sides) means a larger surface area → can absorb more oxygen in the lungs
    - - thin/, long so they can carry messages trough the body quickly
        branched connections at the end. These join to other nerve cells, allowing them to pass messages around the body.
        have a fatty sheath that surrounds them, which increases the speed at which the message can travel.
    - - large surface area so more so more space to water from soil
        thin walls so movement of water is easier
    - - Dissolved sugars and amino acids (from proteins) can be transported both up and down the stem.
        No end walls so flow of liquids is continuous.
        Strengthened by lignin so it's durable
    - - Transports food which is difficult so it has companion cells with lots of mitochondria around it to provide it with energy
  - - - needed for the development, growth, and maintenance of multicellular organisms
        
        specialised cells make specific cells that are important for survival like white and red blood cells
        
        like cells can also create tissues or organs such as muscles.
        
        they are more efficient than undifferentiated cells
    - - Cell differentiation is when a cell changes to become specialized for its job. This is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms. Some cells like stem cells continue to differentiate throughout life to replace damaged or lost cells. Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage. A cell becomes specialised when it differentiates to carry out a specific function.
    - - Nerve Cells (Neurons): These cells transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
        
        Muscle Cells: These cells contract to allow movement.
        
        Red Blood Cells: These cells carry oxygen around the body.
        
        White Blood Cells: These cells are part of the immune system and help fight infections.
    - - Genetic Control: Differentiation is controlled by genes. Different genes are switched on and off in different types of cells, leading to the production of specific proteins that determine the cell’s structure and function.
    - - Plants are always growing to adapt to their environment and get the most sunlight and nutrients
        
        Repair because plants are often eaten by animals, so they regenerate lost parts
        
        Plants also have to grow flowers each year which have different cells
    - - Root Hair Cells: Absorb water and minerals from the soil.
        
        Xylem Cells: Transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
        
        Phloem Cells: Transport sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant.
        
        Leaf Cells: Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.