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HELLAS 800px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Athens under a statesman named Themistocles built walls around the city and to Piraeus, the harbor. This protected her from Persian or Spartan incursions. Athens sent her navy to raid the Peloponnese, while the Spartans set fire to Attic countryside. In 445, Sparta and her allies having decisively beaten Athens, a 'Thirty Years' Peace' was signed.
        
        This peace was not very long. It only lasted for a few years. In 431 the second part of the war began. Athens invaded Megara and issued trade restrictions. Sparta and her ally Thebes in 429 began a siege of Athenian ally Plataea, which was near Thebes but refused to defect to her.
        
        In that same year Pericles died from one of the many plagues ravaging the city. Plataea fell two years later. In 425 the Athenians took Pylos. At about the same time Athens had a terrible failure with Thebes and Megara. In 423 was a one-year truce. More war happened, but the peace of Nicias was signed in 421.
        
        In 418 Sparta's army won a battle at Mantinea and she grew in power. In 415 a man named Alcibiades in Athens, famous for his good looks, suggested the costly idea of taking a massive naval fleet to Sicily to aid the Athenian ally Segesta. He then suggested that they go and take the Spartan ally Syracuse as well. He thought they should go to the far side of the island first to help Segesta and then march across the huge island amassing troops to siege Syracuse. This, of course, was a terrible idea, not only because of the cost, but because of the unlikeliness that the Sicilians would help the arrogant Alcibiades. He was very convincing, however, and the government agreed.
        
        The day before the Athenians were to leave, the herms (simple stone statues of the god Hermes guarding the city border) were mutilated by reckless teenagers, but the accusations were directed at Alcibiades. He was told he would be brought back later to be put to death.
        
        Alcibiades was on his way to Sicily when he was called back to Athens. Instead of going there, he deserted his country and arrived at the Spartan court , giving away information to the king. He was later banished at he ran to Persia where he became fabulously rich working for the king. In Sicily, things were going according to plan originally, but they were defeated at Segesta. Through a series of hilarious mishaps they trudge across the island and are decimated by the Spartans and the Syracusans. The generals Nicias and Demosthenes were executed for the tremendous failure of the Sicilian expedition. Alcibiades returned to Athens and instituted an extremist oligarchy keeping him in power.
        
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- - - - The ephors were five magistrates of Sparta in charge of many different things, such as taxes and religious festivals, as well as foreign policy. They were elected each year in autumn.