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Italy before 1911 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - More powers for the Monarch than in Britain
        
        Appoint and dismiss ministers, governments and the PM
        
        Appoint senators for life
        
        Commander of the Armed forces
        
        Control of foreign policy
        
        Representative of the nation in times of crisis
        
        Right to veto legislation
        
        Right to pass legislation via royal decree
  - - - Needed the support of the Chamber of Deputies to pass laws and keep position
      - Needed the support of the King to pass laws and keep position
      - Reliant on weak, unstable coalitions in the Chamber
  - - - More power
      - Elected by 12.5% of Italy
      - PM, Ministers and government came from the Chamber of Deputies
      - Support of the chamber needed to govern
    - - Appointed by the King for life
      - Could prevent legislation passed by the CoD from becoming law
  - - - Constraints based on age, wealth and education.
  - - - Prime Ministers built coalitions via tranformismo which was often just bribing other members for their support.
    - - Parties did exist but were weak and more of a 'grouping' than a political movement.
      - Did not have coherent ideologies
      - It was rare for policies to be party- based
    - - Lack of parties and transformismo resulted in massive instability
        
        Nine governments from 1900-1911
    - - Deputies more attached to their local areas
      - Little sense of national unity or policies in government
- - - - 25,000 died of Cholera in Naples from 1900-1911
- - - - Need to import steel and coal
      - Large but unskilled workforce
      - Machinery needed to be imported
      - Communications were underdeveloped in most areas outside of the wealthy north.
  - - - Government encouraged use of modern techniques and technologies
      - Cheap imports of iron and steel during this period
        
        Foundation of new companies such as Lancia and Fiat during the early 1900s.
        
        Industries profitable
        
        Profits grew 10.6% between 1896 and 1913
      - Export growth of 4.5% from 1889-1913
      - Industrial workers increased by 2 million between 1900 and 1911
    - - Industry generally restricted to Northern Italy
      - North-west especially, due to its proximity to rest of Europe
      - 1911, Milan, Genoa and Turin accounted for 55% of industrial income
      - By 1910, north had 48% of the wealth and paid 40% of the taxes.
    - - Less modern than the north
      - Nitti introduced policies to encouraged development, such as building aqueducts, but said policies largely failed.
      - Internal tariffs abandoned in 1900, which hurt the south as businessmen bought good-quality northern goods
      - 1910, southern Italy had 27% of the wealth and 32% of taxes
  - - - Import issues
    - - Benefitted from production of new (imported) crops
      - Benefitted from mechanisation and industrialisation of the farming process
      - Able to cheaply import fertilisers
      - Land was just better- eg the Po Valley
    - - Did have successful products
        
        Oil, wine and olives
      - Land was not as good, it was too rocky
      - Natural disasters from 1905-1908 led to poor harvests and widespread hunger
        
        Support was slow to arrive