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Public Health Institutions and Systems - Coggle Diagram
Public Health Institutions and Systems
Goals and Roles of Governmental Public Health Agencies
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Play a supportive role in delivering public health services, advocating for policies, and providing funding.
Nongovernmental Public Health
Involves NGOs and private sector organizations complementing governmental efforts.
1994 PHS Goals
goals
Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease
Protect against environmental hazards
Prevent injuries
Promote and encourage healthy behaviors
Respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery
Ensure the quality and accessibility of health services
Governmental Public Health
Focuses on population health and prevention of illness and injury.
3 Core Public Health Functions
Policy Development
Creating policies to address public health issues.
Includes health policy analysis and guiding the implementation of health policies.
Examples: smoking bans, vaccination mandates.
Assurance
Ensuring that services are provided and meet certain quality standards.
Oversight of health programs and interventions.
Examples: licensing of healthcare providers, quality assurance programs.
Assessment
Systematic data collection on the population’s health.
Identifying health needs and priorities.
Examples: health surveys, epidemiological studies
10 Essential Public Health Services
Created in 1994
Monitoring health status to identify and solve community health problems.
Diagnosing and investigating health problems and hazards.
Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues.
Mobilizing community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
Developing policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
Enforcing laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
Linking people to needed personal health services and ensuring the provision of healthcare.
Ensuring a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
Evaluating the effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of health services.
Researching new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
Health Equity
Understanding social determinants
10 Essential PHS related to COVID-19
Roles of Local and State Public Health Agencies
State Responsibility
Public health is primarily a state function in the U.S.
States have the authority to develop and implement public health policies
Two Organizational Models
Branch Office Model
Home Rule/Local Autonomy Model
Local Public Health Systems
Larger cities often maintain their own public health departments.
Local agencies address community-specific health issues.
Healthcare Safety Net
Public health agencies provide essential services to underserved populations.
Accreditation of Health Departments
No process until the 21st century
2003: Recommendation to develop one
Voluntary accreditation
2/3 of the U.S. population is served by PHAB-accredited health departments.
Accreditation is valid for 5 years and involves meeting rigorous standards.
Academic Health Department
Equivalent to a teaching hospital
Roles of Federal Public Health Agencies
Federal Agencies
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
NIH
HRSA
SAMHSA
IHS
CDC
Historical Context
1798: John Adams signed legislation for marine hospitals
Challenges
Funding and political interference
Limited flexibility
Social Attitudes of Americans Toward Public Health
Preference for Individual/Private Efforts
Americans often favor private initiatives over government intervention in public health matters.
How Public Health Agencies Respond to Disease Outbreaks
Collaboration between public health agencies
Outbreak Investigation Steps
Detecting a possible outbreak
Defining and finding cases
Generating hypotheses
Testing the hypothesis
Finding the point of contamination and the source of the outbreak
Controlling the outbreak
Deciding the outbreak is over
Limitations and Improvements in the U.S. Public Health System
Weaknesses
Fragmented laws, regulations, data systems, and governance
Recommendations
Detect, Find, Generate, Test, Solve, Control, Decide
COVID-19 Pandemic
Over 1 million deaths in 30 months
Roles of Global Health Organizations and Agencies
World Bank and Other Multilateral Institutions
Largest funding sources for global health efforts
Challenges
Collaboration on communicable diseases like COVID-19, Ebola, Zika
WHO: Created in 1948
Non-Health Government Agencies Involved in Health Issues
Agencies
Department of Agriculture
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Energy
Roles of Nongovernmental Organizations in Public Health
Nonprofits
Delivering PH services
Providing funding
Examples
American Red Cross, American Cancer Society, March of Dimes, MADD, HIV/AIDS Advocacy Groups
Funding
Governments and private foundations (e.g., Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation)
Collaboration Between Public Health and Healthcare
Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)
Financing Public Health Infrastructure
Funding Shortfall
Approx. $13 per person annually
Accountability
Performance benchmarks for funding
Proposed Solutions
Public Health Infrastructure Fund ($4.5 billion annually)
Foundational public health capabilities