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CD4+ Thelper cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - important are IRF4 and STAT6. downstream of IL-4.
  - - - key is IL-9
  - - - like Th2 cell (both secrete IL-2)
- - - - Key characteristics
        
        Facilitate neutrophil response to fungal and extracellular bacterial infections
        
        Expression of STAT3
        
        Most inflammatory of the CD4 T cells
        
        Responsible for many autoimmune diseases
        
        Key transcription factors
        
        STAT3
        
        Defining transcription factor: RORgammaT = most important
- - - - Development in thymus
      - lymphoid
  - - - activation of macrophages and the enhancement of the microbicidal functions of immune cells.
    - - growth factor that promotes the proliferation and survival of T cells
  - - - IFN-γ produced by Th1 cells enhances the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells and NK cells
    - - IL-2, a cytokine that promotes the proliferation and survival of CD8+ T cells
    - - IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma), which is a powerful activator of macrophages
- - - - Involvement in allergic reactions
      - Role in hummoral immunity
      - Cytokine production
      - Defining transcription factor: GATA3
      - Characteristic cytokines: IL-4 and IL-5
- - - - IL-6
      - IL-21
  - - - IL-21
- - - - small population: 5-10% of peripheral CD4+ T cells
      - include TCR
        
        strong TCR signal -> thymically derived T cells
        
        weak TCR signal -> peripherally derived T cells
      - disfunction Treg cells -> autoimmune diseases/ allergies
    - - 2 types
        
        induced (iTreg) cells: develop in periphery from naive CD4+ cells following antigenic stimulation
        
        produce TGF-ß and IL-10
        
        natural (nTreg) cells: develop in thymus during course of positive and negative selection
      - differentiated by expression of FoxP3 (transcription factor)
      - development in thymus
    - - dampen local antitumor responses
        
        dampens cells that fight tumor cells; like NK cells. Treg recognise tumor cells as 'self'.
      - suppress inflammation and facilitate repair of damaged tissue
      - suppress other effector T cells
      - control response and wind down once pathogen is defeated
    - - co-stimulatory molecules CD28, CD80/86, CD40 and IL2Rß are critical for development of nTreg
      - expression of FoxP3, CD4 and CD25
        
        FoxP3 makes cells recognizable with flowcytometry
      - characteristic cytokines: TGF-ß, IL-10, IL-35 to exert suppressive effects
      - IL-10 and TGF-ß to other cells -> they are inhibited
    - - mainly in bloodstream or lymph nodes
    - - TGF-ß
      - CD-28 (co-stimaluation)
      - IL-2, proliferation
        
        lot of IL-2 = indicative of strong immune response, Treg react to it by inhibiting the response.