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Puzzulo et al., Instructions for Lineup Identification, Correct…
Puzzulo et al.
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CONCLUSIONS
• The study provides valuable insights into the developmental trajectories of eyewitness identification abilities across different age groups and stimuli types, contributing to a better understanding of the factors influencing identification accuracy in legal contexts involving child witnesses.
• Children demonstrate higher accuracy in correctly identifying cartoon faces compared to human faces, whereas adults show relatively high accuracy in identifying both types of faces.
• Children exhibit lower correct identification rates for human faces compared to adults, suggesting developmental differences in facial recognition abilities.
• Children display higher false positive rates (lower correct rejection rates) for both human and cartoon faces in target-absent lineups compared to adults, indicating increased susceptibility to making identification errors.
• The study supports the hypothesis that social factors, such as pressure to make a selection and please authority figures, play a significant role in driving children's higher false positive rates in identification tasks, particularly in target-absent lineups.
• The findings underscore the importance of considering both cognitive and social factors in understanding children's eyewitness identification abilities, highlighting the need for tailored procedures and interventions to mitigate the risk of inaccurate identifications.
SAMPLE: 112 participants
Selected from 3 private schools in Eastern Ontario, Candada.
- ADULTS: aged 17-30 (mean age of 20.54 years).
(36 females and 17 males)
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AIMS
- To determine whether children's higher false positive rates in target-absent lineups are driven more by social factors, such as pressure to make a selection, than cognitive factors.
- To assess how familiarity with stimuli (human faces versus cartoon faces) impacts identification accuracy.
- To explore the influence of social and cognitive factors on eyewitness identification accuracy in both children and adults.
- To investigate the differences in identification abilities between young children (ages 4 to 7) and adults.
- To contribute to a better understanding of eyewitness testimony, particularly in legal contexts, and to inform procedures for lineup identification tasks involving children.
RESULTS
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average the correct identification rate for the human faces per child in order to produce a stabilized correct identification rate per child
(done individually)
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The prediction of adults identifying human faces better than children was correct as well as children identifying cartoon better than adults was correct.
INDEPENDENT MEASURES:
- Age
(children were compared with adults)
- Nature of the target faces
(familiar cartoon characters or unfamiliar human faces).
- Type of line-up – target-present or target-absent.
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Procedure
ADULTS
Upon entering the laboratory, each participant was
given a short introduction
- provided consent form
- while telling them study will be on memory (IT WAS NOT)
participants were told they would be watching
some short video clips - asked to pay attention as they would be asked questions
After the first video, the participants were provided with a sheet asking a free recall question,
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Repeated 3 times
the participants were given a demographic questionnaire assessing their
familiarity with the cartoons shown
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CHILDREN
parents were supplied with consent forms and demographic sheet (to show child's familiarity with target cartoons)
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- 3 female experimenters
- 1 female facilitator
arrived at each private school.
researchers were introduced to the students as a group from
the university doing a project on TV shows and computer games
researchers made it clear to the children that they could
change their minds at any time and not get into trouble
to create a level of comfort with the children, the
researchers worked with the children to make some crafts
prior to engaging the children in the experimental task
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- told that he/she would be watching some videos of people
- doing different things and they will be asking question and showing photos afterwards
Once the child was comfortable, the experimenter played
the first video (human or cartoon).
AFTER/FOLLOWING VIDEO
First Recall Question: (the experimenter asked, a
non-specific, probing question twice)
i.e., “Do you remember
anything else?”
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After recording the information
provided by the child, the experimenter displayed the
corresponding lineup
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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- Independent Groups: Data comparisons between children and adults
- Repeated Measures Design: Data comparisons between conditions for nature of target faces and type of line (human/cartoon and target-present/target-absent groups.)
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BACKGROUND
- Eyewitness identification accuracy is crucial in legal proceedings, but it's known to be fallible, especially in cases involving children as witnesses or victims.
- Mistaken eyewitness identification is a leading cause of wrongful convictions, highlighting the importance of understanding factors influencing accuracy.
- Previous research has shown that children and adults may differ in their ability to accurately identify individuals in lineups, particularly in cases where the culprit is absent.
- Social and cognitive factors have been implicated in influencing identification accuracy, with social factors potentially playing a larger role in children's responses.
- There's a need to investigate the interplay between social and cognitive factors in shaping identification accuracy, especially regarding familiar versus unfamiliar stimuli.
MATERIALS
Human Face targets
Cartoon Face targets
VIDEOS Materials
- 2x 6 second clips
- one character per clip
- Dora the Explorer and Go Diego Go talking to the audience while putting on safety gloves.
- Colored
- No sound
- No other cartoons and showed 2-3 seconds of the target cartoons face.
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- 6 second clip,
- one character per clip
- 22 years old and Caucasian
- a female brushing her hair
- a male putting his coat.
- Colored
- no sound
- 2-3 seconds close up of an individual’s face.
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FOILS
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foils were selected from a pool:
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- Correct identification rate when target
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- Correct rejection rate when target-absent.
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- Correct identification of rate when target-present.
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Study itself is identifying people in a serious situation so having children do the study on something/someone that is a cartoon and saw often defeats the whole purpose of the study.
