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Settle Studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lowest wind speed
        
        Reduction of heat diffusion
      - Carbon emmision
      - Urban polution
      - Smog trap outgoing radiation
      - Buildings with low albedo
        
        Refelctance surface
      - Low relative humidity
    - - 40ºC
  - - - Insufficient
        
        Increase in urban population
        
        Increase price
        
        Demand for housing exceeds supply
        
        Poor cannot afford
        
        Illegal shelters
        
        Squatter settlements
        
        Shanty towns
        
        Urban poverty
        
        Incompoverty
        
        Poor health
        
        Lack of education
        
        Poor quality and overcrowded shalters
        
        Insecure land tenure
        
        Improvised dwellings
      - Squatter settlements
        
        Squalid living conditions
        
        Dilapidated
        
        Inadequate water and electricity
        
        Lacks proper sanitation
        
        Lacks proper drainage
        
        Overcrowded
        
        Health problems are high
        
        Land insecurity
        
        Eviction
      - Lack of housing
        
        Homelessness
        
        Card board boxes
        
        Calcutta, manila
        
        London
        
        Underground trainstations
        
        Result in unsightly streets
        
        Chases away tourists
      - Slums
        
        Legal tenancy
        
        Dilapidated
        
        Substandard housing
        
        Near city centers
        
        Disrepair and need maintainence
        
        Overcrowded
        
        Chainatown in SG 60s
        
        Eg
        
        Long Toey slims, bangkok
        
        Shanty towns, South Africa
        
        Dharavi, mumbai
        
        One of worlds largest
        
        Favela in Rio de Janeiro Brazil
        
        Guryong vialge
        
        S Korea
        
        Near Gangnam district
        
        Hong Kong cage homes
        
        Banjiha, parasite style semi-basement
      - Inner city
        
        Economic decline & unenployment
        
        Physical dereliction & absence of amenities
        
        Lack of public funding which has been directed to CBD
        
        Social disadvantage
        
        Unemployment
        
        Low wage- job opportunities
        
        Collective phenomenon of pervasive sense of decay
        
        Lack of community spirit
        
        Concentration of ethnic minorities
        
        Discrimination in job n housing markets
        
        Engender community & racial tensions
        
        Anti social activities
        
        Crime
        
        Vandalism
        
        Drugs
        
        Profile
        
        African-american
        
        Hispanics
        
        Below poverty line
        
        School drop outs
        
        Headed by women with children
        
        Eg
        
        Inner city of central London
        
        Skid Row LA
        
        Explanations of decline
        
        Economic
        
        Structural
        
        Contracting industrial base
        
        Deindustrilisation
        
        Rundown of trad services & industries
        
        Closure of branch plants
        
        2 more items...
        
        Retreate of financial services
        
        Failure of planning
        
        Political
        
        Supports sub urban subsidies
        
        Favours new single- familu home ownership
        
        Social
        
        Racial and class polarisation
        
        Alienation + stigmatization
    - - Discourage rural-urban migration
        
        Curb flow
        
        Improve conditions of rural areas
        
        Do not want to migrate
        
        Make it difficult to migrate
        
        Infonesians have to obtain residence cards to show they have job n accomodation
      - Improved living conditions
        
        Paved roads
        
        Drainage
        
        Water n electricity supplies
        
        Jakarta & bandung
        
        Gov housing project to improve
        
        Basic facilities
        
        Building school
        
        Clinics
      - Subsidised
        
        Subsidies housing
        
        Low cost in KL
        
        HDB in SG
        
        Self-help housing
        
        Indonesia n S Africa
        
        Cheap land sites provided
        
        Basic infrastructure
        
        Low cost building material
        
        Ppl provide Labour and build house in allotted land
  - - - Unequal trade relationships
  - - - Rapidly growing volume of vehicle cpopulation
        
        Bangkok
        
        Estimated increase rate of 300-400 vehicle per day
        
        Transport network
        
        Not enough roads to cope
        
        Chronic congestions
        
        44days per yr stuck in trafick
        
        Bangkok
        
        Lateness
        
        Valuable hours lost
        
        Productivity lowered
    - - Expanding road space
        
        Sg
        
        Expressway
        
        Underground
      - Improving road conditions
      - Curb vehicle growth
        
        COE
        
        Raise prices
      - Enhance pedestrian friendliness
      - Restrict vehicle volume
        
        ERP
      - Encourage public transport
        
        Carpooling
        
        Cycling
  - - - Inadequacy
        
        Low rain
        
        Underground table depleted
        
        No direct access to piped water
      - Poor quality
        
        Lack of treatment plants
        
        Old/rusty pipes used
        
        1995- 220 mil did noe have ready source of drinking water
    - - Increase supply
        
        Reserviors
        
        Desalination
        
        New tech
      - Improve quality
        
        Land use planning
        
        Replace old pipes
      - Conserve water
  - - - Domestic& industrial waste
        
        Insufficient waste disposal system
        
        Squatter settlements
        
        Industrial areas
        
        Toxic discharge
        
        Michi river mumbai
        
        Polluted with industrial waste from cotton textile mills & illegal stuff
        
        Plastic clogs drains
      - Noise
        
        Heavy insusties
        
        Construction
        
        Traffic
      - Air
        
        Haze
        
        Visibility affected
        
        Health affected
        
        Due to
        
        Polluting factories
        
        Soot-spewing public buses
        
        Diesel run boatsa
        
        Smog in Chinese cities
        
        Steel industry
        
        Heating of buildings
        
        Coal
    - - Imposing fines
      - Gasoline to electric
      - Retrofitting vehicles to limit emission
      - Improving waste disposal systems
        
        Bangkok
        
        Increase sewage pipes
      - Increase public awareness
        
        Educate individual
        
        Households n industries
      - Green networks with green belts
        
        Arrest urban sprawl
      - Low energy housing
      - Private green spaces
      - 3rs
- - - - Settlements grow in terms of
        
        Population number
        
        Physical sizw
    - - Increase in proportion of people in urban areas
  - - - Urbanisation
      - Natural increase
      - Migration
    - - Rural-urban migration
      - Expansion of urban boundaries
      - Formation of new urban centers
  - - - 1750 -1950
      - 10% to 52%
      - 15 to 423 million urbanites~
    - - 309million to 3.9 billion urbanites
        
        1950 to 2030
      - 18% to 56% urban
    - - MDC >2x urban dwellers as LDCs
        
        150 mil to 70 mil
      - Developing countries 2.6x as many urban dwellers as developed regions
        
        2.3 bil to 0.9 bil
        
        Gap will widen quickly
  - - - Significant contribution to economy
      - Loci of economic growth and innovation
        
        Production firms
        
        Better jobds
        
        Key institution
    - - Education
        
        More schools
        
        Train & develop human resource
    - - Water & electric supplies better
      - Cost-effective
    - - Acess to
        
        Education
        
        Health
        
        Social services
        
        Cultural activities
      - More comfortable
      - More advanced communication
  - - - Enormous stresses on immediate and surrounding enviro
      - Challenges fro sustainable development
    - - Polluting anthropogenic plants such as
        
        Incinerators
        
        Chemical emmieions
      - Along routes
      - Nodes where people meet
      - Poor living conditions
- - - - Racism
      - Classism
      - Key culprit taking away good jobs
      - More crowdes
    - - Long run employment wage and income effects are positice
      - Economy more effective and vibrant
  - - - Incentive to become PR or citizen
    - - New citizens, PR
  - - - Socio-cultural diversity
        
        Cultural eschange and appreciation
      - Socio-economic diversity
        
        Exchange and appreciation of ideas, skills and experiences
    - - Sociocultural diversity
        
        Prejudice and misconception
      - Socio-economic diversity
        
        Competition for resources
        
        Acess to resources
    - - Instill unfounded fear and prejudice
      - Vandalism reflect racial intolerance
      - Xenomphobia
    - - Positive income spill overs
    - - Remittances
      - More money to cover losses in times of crisises
      - 25% of remittance saved or invesred
      - Brain drain when skilled able bodies leave for good
- - - - Legal systems
      - Medical specialisations
- - - - Defense away from flooding
      - Water supply
  - - - Relative to other settlements
    - - Accesibility
        
        Focal point of transport toutes
  - - - Farmland/ fishing grounds are favourable
      - Fertile soil
    - - Safe sites away from flooding n strong winds
        
        Can talk about waves
    - - Fresh clean and relianle
      - Near as too heavy to carry far
    - - Bridging point
      - Transport/Travel routes meet
    - - Near resources
        
        Tin
        
        Iron ore
        
        Coal
    - - Need to be near resources
        
        Stone
        
        Wood
    - - Easy to build on flat/ lowlying
      - Hilltop
        
        Good defense sites
- - - - Manufacturing
      - Provision of services
    - - Larger
      - Higher population density
  - - - Resourced based
        
        Agriculture
        
        Fishing
        
        Forestry
    - - Small
      - Density low