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Medicine, Part One: Expose the bases • The double stranded molecule…

- - - - Individual organisms within a population vary in characteristics. Most variation is due to genetic differences – alleles.
        
        Variation is important as it allows populations to survive in the environment
        
        Gene pool – the sum of all the genes in a breeding population
        
        Larger populations tend to have larger ‘gene pools,’ showing greater genetic variation
        
        Conversely, species with low genetic diversity are at risk of extinction
        
        Example: Tasmanian Devils can pass diseases through biting t other animals such as dogs
    - - There is no variation if there is no competition
        
        Organisms within a population compete for the same limited resources (biotic and abiotic factors). These are referred to as ‘selective pressures.’ (e.g. Food, light, water, mates, protection, etc.)
- - - - Haploid cells contain 1 version of each chromosome combining info from both parents.
- - - - Parts of DNA
        
        Backbone
        The backbone connects to nitrogen bases though deoxyribose the sugar found in DNA molecules
        
        Nitrogen bases:
        Either pyrimidine (1 ring) or purine (2 rings) bases
        T // Thymine , pyrimidine
        A // Adenine , purine
        C // Cytosine , pyrimidine
        G // Guanine , purine
        A + T // connects through 2 hydrogen bonds
        C + G // connects through 3 hydrogen bonds
        
        A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogen base, phosphate group and deoxyribose
  - - - Structure vs function- amino acids are linked by a covalent peptide bond to form a polypeptide chain- these chains can twist to form a unique 3- D protein shapes, its unique 3D shape is responsible for the function of a protein- any change in this shape could alter or stop the function of the protein
      - Proteins and Amino acids- proteins are typically constructed from 20 amino acids- we obtain these amino acids from the plant and animal foods we eat- foods high in protein include meats, beans, eggs, and nuts
- - - - Phenotype: an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type.
- - - - Booklet:
        Chromosomes condense and become visible, centrioles move to the poles of the cell, spindle fibers extend from the centrioles
        Easier Words:
        The nuclear membrane begins to break down as sister chromatids connect via the centromere. The centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell to create opposite poles and begin to extend spindle fibres
    - - Booklet:
        Nuclear membrane breaks up, chromosomes align at the equator of the cell and spindle fibres attach to the centromeres
        Easier Words:
        The nuclear completely disappears. The chromosomes align at the center of the cell and each sister chromatid connects to the spindle fibres.
    - - Booklet:
        Sister Chromatids from each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and drawn to the opposite poles of the cell.
        Easier Words:
        Each sister chromatids are connected to the spindle fibers and pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.
    - - Cytokinesis
        
        Booklet:
        Two daughter cells are formed in mitosis and are genetically identical and diploid (two copies of each chromosome.
        Begins in Anaphase and continues through Telophase into Interphase.
      - Booklet:
        New nuclear membranes begin to form around each set of chromosomes and the cell divides as protein fibers form a cleavage furrow that constricts creating two new daughter cells.
        Easier Words:
        New nuclei form around each of the new sets of chromosomes. The cell begins to divide into separate daughter cells.
  - - - Part Two: Pair them up • Free floating individual cleotides can pair up with now exposed bases following the complementary base pairing rules (A TO T, C TO G) • The sugar and phosphate sections of the nucleotides bond together with the help of enzymes and DNA polymerase.
      - • Helicase: The Helicase is the enzyme responsible for separating the strands of the original DNA (template)
      - • DNA polymers: The DNA polymers enzyme are responsible for rebuilding the new strands from free nucleotides and help bond the sugar and phosphate sections of nucleotides.
      - • Ligase: Any sections left unbound, phosphate and sugar gaps will be filled by the enzyme ligase.
      - Part Three: Join them up • Free floating individual nucleotides cn pair up with the now ex[psed bases following the complementary base pairing rules. • The sugar and phosphate sections of nucleotides bond together with the help of enzymes polymerase. • The result is two identical DNA molecules each one a Double helix