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Systems, Exchange & Stimulus Response, \ : - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Clearly stated and defined
      - Provable
      - Testable in real circumstances
      - Variables (Independent, dependent)
    - - Plants with fewer stomatal pores will survive better in drought than plants with more stomatal pores as water is lost through stomata
      - Independent Variable: amount of water given to plants
      - Dependent Variable: survival time
      - Testable and clear statement: if less stomatal pores then longer survival time in low water levels
- - - - Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs sunlight. Chlorophyll is primarily found in the thykaloids of the chloroplast, organised into stacks called grana.
      - Photosynthesis is inhibited with the deficiency of the requirements: carbon dioxide, water, light, and absence of chlorophyll.
        
        Photosynthesis is inhibited depending on the temperature. A high temperature may cause denaturing of enzymes while a low temperature may indicate a non-optimal temperature for efficiency of enzyme operation.
      - Photosynthesis is the process and ability a plant has to utilise sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water, producing oxygen in the process.
      - Chemical Formula:6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
        ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Light
        Word Formula:Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
        ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Chlorophyll
    - - Palisade mesophyll layer: The cells in the palisade mesophyll layer are packed tightly together and contain chloroplasists to maximize energy production during photosynthesis.
      - Upper epidermis: A single layer of cells found directilu underneath the cuticle.
      - Cuticle: The cuticle is a thin protective film that protects the leaf's outermost skin layer, young shoots, and plant organs.
      - Spongy mesophyll layer: Facilitates the exchange of gasses essential to the process of photosynthesis. The layer also includes a few chloroplasts, as well as acts as a temporary storage for amino acids and sugars.
      - Stoma
        
        Stoma: Allows for gas exchange to occur, letting in carbon dioxide and letting out oxygen.
        
        Stoma Guard Cells: Guard cells change their shape depending on the situation and conditions the plant is facing. The stomas will stay open during the day, as its the best conditions for a plant but close during the night to conserve energy and trap water in their for the next day.
      - Vascular Bundle
        
        Xylem: Responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves of a plant.
        
        Phloem: Responsible for transporting products of photosynthesis around the plant, able to move both to and from the roots.
- - - - Capillaries connect the smallest branches of arteries and veins. The walls of capillaries are just one cell thick. Capillaries therefore allow the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body's cells - molecules can diffuse. across their walls.
- - - - divides into two tubes - Splits into bronchi
        
        carry air into each
        lung
      - bronchioles
        
        pipe shaped
        by rings of cartilage
    - - Bronchioles
        
        To allow air to move into and out of alveoli
      - Alveoli
    - - To move air into the alveoli during inhalation and move air out during exhalation
  - - - inhalation
        
        Oxygen diffuses through the capillaries into the bloodstream because concentration gradient goes from alveoli to blood.
      - exhalation
        
        Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, diffuses through into the alveoli due to the high concentration in the blood compared to the alveoli
- - - - Steroid Hormones - Hydrophobic lipids which can easily pass through the cell membrane. Steroid receptors are located inside the cell.
      - Peptide Hormones - Hydrophilic short chains of amino acids which don't easily pass through the cell membrane. Receptors are located at the surface of the cell, in the plasma membrane.
  - - - central nervous system (CNS) - consists of brain and spinal cord
      - peripheral nervous system - nerves and receptors
    - - Axon: long, thin fibre with branches at the end. Carries nerve impulses.
      - Dendrites: branches off of the nerve cell body, act like antennae. Receives nerve impulses.
      - Nerve cell body: contains nucleus and organelles
    - - Sensory neuron: the sensory neurons receive sensory input from receptor cells
      - Interneurons: receive and process impulses from sensory neurons. Interneurons are located in the brain and spinal cord.
      - Motor neurons: Motor neurons receive impulses from interneurons and stimulate effector cells to make motion happen
      - Nerve cells and the reflex arc: Stimulus is detected by the receptor cells. An electrical impulse (message) is then sent along the sensory nerves to interneurons to the motor neurons. This stimulates effector cells and causes a response (e.g. muscles contract.
    - - Synapses: synapses are the site of transmission of electrical impulses between two neurons or between a neuron and muscle cell
      - Neurotransmitters: chemicals that allow transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses
  - - - Stimulus - A detectable change in the environment
      - Receptor - Sensory receptors that can detect said changes
        
        chemical: chemoreceptors
        
        smell: olfactory receptors
        
        temperature: thermoreceptors
        
        taste: gustatory receptors
        
        vision: photoreceptors
      - Message - Hormones/nerve cells that transmit sensory information throughout the body
      - Effectors - Muscles & glands that carry out change in the body
      - Response - Changed conditions
      - Example: temperature (Thermoregulation)
        
        Stimulus: body is too hot or too cold
        
        receptor: thermoreceptors in skin or hypothalamus
        
        Message: both nervous and hormonal
        
        Effectors: thyroxine levels change (rise if cold, drop if hot), sweating or shivering, vasodialation/vasoconstriction
        
        Response: body cools down or heats up
    - - Positive Feedback - When the response increases the stimulus.
      - Negative Feedback - When the response reverses the stimulus.
        
        Homeostasis - This process maintains the body's internal environment, required for the body to function correctly. E.g., thermoregulation.
      - No Feedback - The body simply responds to stimulus (e.g., fight or flight response)
- - - - Small finger-like projections, called villi (singular villus), increase the surface area of the small intestine.
      - Epithelial cells lining the villi have micro-villi on their surface.
    - - Simple sugars, amino acids and fatty acids are absorbed.
      - The large surface area villus creates allows for very efficient absorption of molecules.
  - - - carbohydrates -> glucose
      - proteins -> amino acids
      - lipids -> fatty acids and glycerol
  - - - Oxygen diffuses into the air sac and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
      - Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.