Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs sunlight. Chlorophyll is primarily found in the thykaloids of the chloroplast, organised into stacks called grana.

Palisade mesophyll layer: The cells in the palisade mesophyll layer are packed tightly together and contain chloroplasists to maximize energy production during photosynthesis.

Upper epidermis: A single layer of cells found directilu underneath the cuticle.

Cuticle: The cuticle is a thin protective film that protects the leaf's outermost skin layer, young shoots, and plant organs.

Spongy mesophyll layer: Facilitates the exchange of gasses essential to the process of photosynthesis. The layer also includes a few chloroplasts, as well as acts as a temporary storage for amino acids and sugars.

To move air into the alveoli during inhalation and move air out during exhalation

Inhalation: When breathing in the diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the lungs. Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out. Tissue expands to force in air. Air is pulled into the lungs and into the alveoli. Body gets oxygen from the air

Inside the lung, the tubes divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles

At the end of each of these tubes are small air sacs called alveoli.

Capillaries, which are small blood vessels with thin walls, are wrapped around these alveoli

Oxygen diffuses through the capillaries into the bloodstream because concentration gradient goes from alveoli to blood.

Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, diffuses through into the alveoli due to the high concentration in the blood compared to the alveoli

Photosynthesis is inhibited with the deficiency of the requirements: carbon dioxide, water, light, and absence of chlorophyll.

Xylem: Responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves of a plant.

Phloem: Responsible for transporting products of photosynthesis around the plant, able to move both to and from the roots.

Digested food is absorbed from intestine into bloodstream

After leaving the stomach, food is broken down by intestinal and pancreatic juices (containing enzymes) and bile from the gall bladder

Photosynthesis is the process and ability a plant has to utilise sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water, producing oxygen in the process.

Stoma: Allows for gas exchange to occur, letting in carbon dioxide and letting out oxygen.

Stoma Guard Cells: Guard cells change their shape depending on the situation and conditions the plant is facing. The stomas will stay open during the day, as its the best conditions for a plant but close during the night to conserve energy and trap water in their for the next day.

Peptide Hormones - Hydrophilic short chains of amino acids which don't easily pass through the cell membrane. Receptors are located at the surface of the cell, in the plasma membrane.

Remove wastes, maintain correct osmotic pressure in the blood (water balance) and correct levels of minerals & vitamins

Nephrons are found in the kidneys

Vitamins, minerals and water are reabsorbed until the required level is reached

The urea and excess water, minerals and vitamins remain in the tubule

Glucose and amino acids are totally reabsorbed into the blood

Moist: allows for substances to be dissolved and allow for exchange with cells

Large surface area: many small structures, increases the number of sites for exchange

Thin: reduces the distance for substances to travel increasing efficiency

Sensory neuron: the sensory neurons receive sensory input from receptor cells

Interneurons: receive and process impulses from sensory neurons. Interneurons are located in the brain and spinal cord.

Motor neurons: Motor neurons receive impulses from interneurons and stimulate effector cells to make motion happen

Message - Hormones/nerve cells that transmit sensory information throughout the body

Effectors - Muscles & glands that carry out change in the body

Photosynthesis is inhibited depending on the temperature. A high temperature may cause denaturing of enzymes while a low temperature may indicate a non-optimal temperature for efficiency of enzyme operation.

Nerve cells and the reflex arc: Stimulus is detected by the receptor cells. An electrical impulse (message) is then sent along the sensory nerves to interneurons to the motor neurons. This stimulates effector cells and causes a response (e.g. muscles contract.

Autotropshs are able to make their own food, and use inorganic compounds to form organic compounds.

Synapses: synapses are the site of transmission of electrical impulses between two neurons or between a neuron and muscle cell

Neurotransmitters: chemicals that allow transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses

During inhalation, oxygen diffuses through the capillaries into the bloodstream because concentration gradient goes from alveoli to blood

Small blood vessels with thin walls

Effectors: thyroxine levels change (rise if cold, drop if hot), sweating or shivering, vasodialation/vasoconstriction

Chemical Formula:6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Word Formula:Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Chlorophyll