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Developmental Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Developmental Psychology
Main Theories:
• Psychodynamic theories make us aware of the impact of early childhood experiences, remembered or not, on subsequent development.
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• Behaviorism shows the effect that immediate responses, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time.
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• Cognitive theories bring an understanding of intellectual processes, that thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development.
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• Sociocultural theories remind us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted cultural context, evident in every social interaction.
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• Evolutionary theories suggest that human impulses need to be recognized before they can be guided.
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People:
Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual Development Theory
a. Emphasized the role of unconscious desires and childhood experiences in development through five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Maria Montessori - Montessori Method
b. Focused on child-led education, promoting self-directed activity, hands-on learning, and collaborative play as key to child development.
Arnold Gesell - Maturational Theory
c. Proposed that development is guided by biological processes that follow a fixed sequence, emphasizing the role of genetics in physical and motor development.
Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory
d. Highlighted the importance of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development, introducing concepts like the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
Jean Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory
e. Identified four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, focusing on how children’s thinking evolves with age.
Rudolf Dreikurs - Social Discipline Theory
f. Built on Alfred Adler’s work, emphasizing the importance of social belonging and the role of encouragement in child development and discipline.
Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Development Theory
g. Proposed eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan, each defined by a central conflict (e.g., trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion).
Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs
h. Presented a pyramid of human needs, with physiological and safety needs at the base and self-actualization at the top, influencing motivation and development.
John Bowlby - Attachment Theory
i. Explored the role of early attachments between children and caregivers in emotional and social development, focusing on the bond’s long-term effects.
B.F. Skinner - Behaviorist Theory (Operant Conditioning)
j. Emphasized reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior, arguing that development results from interactions with the environment.
Benjamin Spock - Childcare and Parenting
k. Advocated for a more flexible, affectionate approach to child-rearing, moving away from strict, authoritarian parenting styles.
Lawrence Kohlberg - Moral Development Theory
l. Proposed a theory of moral reasoning development with six stages grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
T. Berry Brazelton - Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
m. Focused on early child development, particularly the newborn's behavior, and the importance of understanding the needs and capabilities of infants.
Diana Baumrind - Parenting Styles Theory
n. Identified three primary parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive, emphasizing their impact on child development and behavior.
Howard Gardner - Theory of Multiple Intelligences
o. Proposed that intelligence is not a single entity but consists of multiple intelligences (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial), each representing different ways of processing information.
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