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PT 4 - Do the ever-improving tools of an area of knowledge always result…

- - - - improved tools VS new tools
    - - is there like certain tools that is human based in conducting it? (type of tools)
        
        tools that prone to technical errors
        
        Laboratory equipment: Tools like spectrometers, microscopes, or sensors can produce inconsistent results if they are not properly calibrated or if environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity) affect their operation.
        
        close to AOK natural science
        
        Medical devices: Diagnostic tools such as MRIs or X-rays might provide inaccurate readings due to equipment malfunction, poor calibration, or external interference.
        
        Statistical software: While software like SPSS or Excel helps in data analysis, technical errors like incorrect formulas, software bugs, or rounding issues can lead to inconsistent results.
        
        close to AOK human sciences
        
        Internet and wireless tools: Unstable connections or hardware issues in communication devices (e.g., routers, modems) can cause data transmission failures or inconsistencies.
        
        certainty
        
        tools that is prone to human bias
        
        Surveys and questionnaires: When designing or interpreting surveys, human bias can creep in through the way questions are phrased, the selection of respondents, or the interpretation of answers. This can skew results toward expected or desired outcomes.
        
        Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms: Although AI tools seem objective, they are often trained on datasets curated by humans, who may unconsciously introduce biases. For instance, facial recognition algorithms have been shown to exhibit racial or gender bias due to the training data used.
        
        Historical analysis tools: Historians might use archival tools to sift through historical documents, but the selection of which sources to prioritize can be influenced by personal, cultural, or institutional biases.
        
        Data visualization tools: When using tools like Tableau or Google Data Studio to present data, human decisions about which data to highlight or how to present it visually (e.g., scales, colors, trends) can lead to biased interpretations.
        
        Judicial or ethical decision tools: In legal or ethical decision-making frameworks, even with structured tools, human judgment is key, and implicit biases can affect how decisions are reached.
        
        evidence
    - - Human Sciences: In the human sciences, tools might include surveys, interviews, observational methods, statistical analysis, and psychological testing. These tools are used to study and understand human behavior, societies, and cultures.
        
        Mathematics
        Tools in mathematics include logical reasoning, axioms, theorems, and proofs. Mathematical notation and computational software can also be seen as tools that help mathematicians solve problems and communicate complex ideas clearly and precisely.
        
        Arts
        In the arts, tools can range from physical materials (such as paint, clay, or digital software) to techniques (like perspective in visual arts or rhythm in music) and conceptual frameworks (such as symbolism or narrative structures). These tools help artists create and convey meaning.
        
        History
        Historical tools include primary and secondary sources, archives, archeological evidence, and historiographical analysis. These tools help historians reconstruct and interpret past events, recognizing that the tools themselves can influence the knowledge produced.
        
        Ethics
        In ethics, tools might include ethical frameworks (such as utilitarianism or deontology), thought experiments, case studies, and moral reasoning techniques. These tools help us evaluate actions and principles to determine what is morally right or wrong.
        
        Indigenous Knowledge Systems
        Tools in indigenous knowledge systems can include oral traditions, storytelling, rituals, and ecological practices. These tools are often culturally specific and help transmit knowledge through generations.
  - - - any aok to prove?
    - - to see how area of knowledge react to the knowledge of the knower by the improvement
    - - does it happen to its consequences that make previous tool much better?
- - - - The refinement of tools can enhance the quality or quantity of evidence, but does more evidence always mean better knowledge?
        
        eg ; AOK : natural sciences
        
        What evidence tools like microscope have that prove the enhance in quality and leading to better knowledge?
      - To what extent does better evidence from new tools challenge established knowledge or reinforce it?
      - Can too much evidence, generated by improved tools, complicate rather than clarify understanding?
        
        eg : AOK Human Science (history)
      - Does the improvement of tools always lead to more reliable evidence, or can it sometimes produce misleading or irrelevant information?
  - - - tools justify claims depends on how they are perceived and used within an area of knowledge.
      - Can the over-reliance on certain tools weaken the justification of knowledge by ignoring alternative perspectives or methods?
      - Can improved tools justify claims that might have been previously dismissed due to lack of evidence?
      - In what ways might the justification of knowledge become dependent on the continuous improvement of tools?
  - - - How does the improvement of tools change the way we interpret data within an area of knowledge?
      - How does the culture or context of the knower (values, beliefs, perception) influence the interpretation of data collected using improved tools?
        
        eg : Satellite
        
        Indigenous Perspective: In some indigenous cultures, artifacts may be seen as part of a sacred heritage. The interpretation of these findings may be intertwined with cultural or spiritual significance, rather than being viewed purely as historical evidence.
        
        Western Perspective: Archaeological data may be analyzed through a scientific or historical lens, focusing on understanding human development, technological progress, or economic systems.
      - Do advancements in tools reduce the subjectivity in interpretations, or do they merely shift the way we view data?
  - - - How do ever-improving tools affect the level of certainty we have in the knowledge we produce?
  - - - eg; AOK natural science
        
        (dicussed presentation)
        about CRSPR, the use if trials of gene editing towards baby
- - - - The quality, reliability, and interpretation of evidence can be influenced by the tools used.
        
        Can advancements in tools lead to stronger, more reliable evidence, thereby improving knowledge?
  - - - can improvements in tools necessarily strengthen the justification for certain knowledge or if they could sometimes weaken it by revealing new limitations or biases?
  - - - How can interpretatioin be varied?
  - - - Can tools increase uncertainty or does it reveal any new uncertainties or complexity ?
- - - - Tools like calculators, mathematical software (e.g., MATLAB), and algorithms have greatly enhanced mathematical problem-solving capabilities.
  - - - Digital archives, databases, carbon dating, and data analysis software have dramatically expanded historians' access to evidence and sources
  - - - digital creation software, 3D printing, and editing tools, have changed the way art is produced and appreciated
  - - - improvements in laboratory equipment, computational modeling, and imaging technologies (e.g., microscopes, particle accelerators) have enhanced scientists' ability to observe and experiment.
        
        microscope that is high mobility FOLDSCOPE
  - - - statistical software, surveys, and brain imaging have improved the ways in which human behavior and social phenomena are studied.
      - oversimplified like model
  - - - Ethical knowledge does not rely on tools in the same way as the natural sciences, but the development of new technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, surveillance) raises new ethical questions.
  - - - digital texts, virtual worship spaces, and communication tools, have facilitated the spread and accessibility of religious teachings.
  - - - often transmitted orally and through practices, but technological tools (e.g., documentation, digital preservation) have been used to preserve and share this knowledge with a wider audience