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T2Rs, TAS2Rs, Analyzing techniques of bitter taste receptor, TAS2Rs, T2Rs,…
T2Rs
Inhibit obesity and rise of blood glucose
T2R4/43/46
Lower blood glucose level after oral glucose administration
Activity mediated by regulation of GLP-1 and subsequent insulin secretion
T2R4/10
Modulate gastrointestinal mobility and interfere hunger signaling
Activity mediated by regulation of intracellular Ca-release and extracellular calcium influx
T2R108/135
Reduce body weight gain after high-fat diet
Activity mediated by inhibition of adipocyte differentiation
Unknown T2Rs
Inhibit food and calorie intake
Activity mediated by regulation of CCK release
T2R38
Reduce the tendency be obese
Potential on health benefits reflected by frequency of homozygous genotype
Prevent lipid accumulation and induce delipidation
Activity mediated by regulation of adipocyte differentiation and the effects on differentiated adipocytes
Inhibit cancers
T2R8/10
Inhibit neuroblastoma
Activity mediated by inhibition of cancer cell invasion and cancer stemness characteristics
T2R10
Prevent chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells
Activity mediated by regulation of multi-drug resistance protein ABCG2
T2R/14
Inhibit prostate and ovarian cancers
Activity mediated by regulation of proliferation, migration and apoptosis in cancer cells
T2R4/14
Inhibit metastatic breast cancer
Activity mediated by regulation of proliferation, migration and apoptosis in cancer cells
TAS2Rs
Airways
TAS2R10/14
Bronchodilation
TAS2R38
AMPs release
Intestine
TAS2R14
GLPI release
Heart
TAS2R14
Hypotension
Stomach
TAS2R3
8
Ghrelin release
Bladder
TAS2R7-8
Detrusor smooth muscle relaxation
Skin
TAS2R38
Lipid production in epidermal cells
Brain
TAS2R10-14
GABA allosteric modulation
Thyroid
TAS2R38
TSH inhibition
Analyzing techniques of bitter taste receptor
Molecular and cellular techniques
Gene expression analysis
Immunohistochemistry
Western blotting
Functional assays
Proteomic studies
Cell culture studies
Calcium imaging
Electrophysiology
Animal studies
Transgenic animals
Knockout models
Clinical studies
Genetic association studies
Behavioural studies
Detection method
• Droplets digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR)
• Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)
• Mass spectrometry (MS)
• Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
• Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
• Immunofluorescence (IFC)
• Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR)
• Flow cytometry (FC)
• Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT- PCR)
• In situ hybridization (ISH)
• Western blotting (WB)
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• Microarray data analysis
TAS2Rs
TAS2R10, 14, 43, 46, 50
Cancer (PDAC, NB, HNSCC, AMC)
TAS2R4, 7, 10, 14, 31, 39, 40, 43, 46, 50
Inflammation (COM, CRS)
TAS2R1, 8, 13, 14, 39, 47
Metabolic diseases (Obesity, Diabetes mellitus type)
TAS2R3,13, 43, 50
Respiratory diseases (Asthma)
TAS2R14
Neurodegenerative diseases (PD, AD)
T2Rs
Protect reproductive system
T2R108
Alleviate polycystic ovary syndrome
Activity mediated by regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis
T2R5
Promote spermatogenesis
T2R14/43
Increase the tendency to fertilization
Potential on benefits reflected by the expression of T2Rs in different population
Regulate nervous system
T2R38
Reduce the tendency to take PD
Potential on health benefits reflected by the frequency of homozygous genotype
T2R14
Regulate resveratrol transport across the BCSFB
Activity mediated by regulation of efflux transporters at choroid plexus epithelial cells
Maintain urinary system health
T2R105
Maintain the structure of glomerulus and renal tubules
T2R7/10/39
Decrease the detrusor smooth muscle strips and supresser overactive bladder symptoms
Other potential functions
T2R38
Increase the possibility to be centenarians
Potential on health benefits reflected by the frequency of homozygous genotype
T2Rs
Prevent and alleviate respiratory disease
Unknown T2Rs
Prevent and alleviate airway remodeling and bronchoconstriction obstructive airway disease
Activity mediated by inhibition of mitogenesis
*Inhibit the release of inflammatory mediator
T2R1
Causes vasoconstrictor responses in the pulmonary circuit and relax airways
T2R10/31
Relax human airway smooth muscle against asthma
Activity mediated by promotion of calcium decrease and hyperpolarization
T2R14
Reduce the probalbility of asthma
Potential on health benefits reflected by frequency of homozygous genotype
Several T2Rs including 4/14/38
Stimulate phagocytosis in human macrophages
Activity mediated by calcium, NO and cyclic-GMP signaling
T2R14/39
Induce the apoptosis in non-ciliated airway epithelial cells and help defend against bacterial infection
Activity mediated by elevation of intracellular calcium and regulation of cAMP, NO and cGMP
T2R13/14/19
Alleviate asthma
Potential on benefits reflected by the expression of T2RS in different population
T2R38
Reduce the probability of bacterial infection in human upper airway
Activity mediated by stimuli of mucociliary clearance and regulation of NO production
Reduce the likelihood to be infected by SARS-CoV-2
Potential on health benefits reflected by frequency of homozygous genotype
Reduce the possibility of CRS and better the postsurgical improvement after sinus surgery of it
Potential on health benefits reflected by frequency of homozygous genotype