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Karl Schleunes- Interpretation 2 - Coggle Diagram
Karl Schleunes- Interpretation 2
Planning?
Acceleration of anti-Jewish policies due less to ideological pressure and more due to empire-building and the struggle between party and state for control of the policy.
The process of the Final solution dependent on empire-building of Nazi subleaders
Hitler lacked a clear plan for his vision of getting rid of the Jews.
"The Nazis stumbled towards something resembling a final solution"
The Final Solution was not a grand design, they knew that a solution was needed, not what it should be.
Commitment carried the Nazis along the Twisted Road to Auschwitz.
The search for the Final Solution was started by ideological antisemitism at the heart of Nazism, it was driven forward by each failure ant the war enabled a Final Solution to become thinkable.
January 14th 1939, Heydrich was asked to arrage for the emigration or evacuation of Jews from German territory
Chain of command in 1939 same as that of 1941, the orders had changed.
In 1941, Nazi leaders began to think in terms of a Final Solution.
Jews, all Jews were intended to emigrate.
Emigration failed, however,
Because of the numbers involved, a solution would need a drastically new approach.
Emigration failed to solve problems in Germany.
Due to other nations refusing the Jews and the continuous expansion of the Reich.
Emigration could not keep up with wartime additions to the Jewish population, it fell apart.
10,000,0000 added by 1941
4,000,000 more with the collapse of Russia
Because of the Reich being at the height of its power in 1941, they were able to think of a total and 'Final' solution.
From 41, issues of a solution were organisational and administrative
Once these issues were overcome, the Nazis themselves could set the limit on what the solution could entail.
The limits became the camps
Lack of consensus to a 'solution' rested on the lack of consensus of the nature of the problem.
Many pre-1933 Nazis saw the Jewish Problem as economic, to the middle classes, the elimination of Jews as market competition would have been enough for them
To the SA, Jews could be targets but Hitler stepped in to stop the SA doing damage to the economy.
The solution had no logic and propaganda did not display any logic.
Failures in policies signalled the need for a renewed effort.
All or nothing approach to policies, no exceptions
Role of Hitler
The antisemitism of Hilter and other Nazis alone cannot explain the Holocaust.
Hitler's personal antisemitism was rabid but he was not at the centre of antisemitic policies.
Constant failures of antisemitic policies did not lead to the abandonment of policies because of Hitler's antisemitis,m
Had a vision for getting rid of the Jews
Hitler sometimes acted due to pressure of radicals, not due to his own desires.
Pre 1933, Hitler used antisemitism to hold the movement together
To the SA, Jews could be targets but Hitler stepped in to stop the SA doing damage to the economy.
Hitler ignored a marriage bill in 1933, what was the Jewish problem?
The solution had no logic and propaganda did not display any logic.
The continued search for a 'Final solution' to the Jewish question allowed Hilter to maintain ideological contact with elements of his movement for whom national socialism had done very little.
The situation Hitler had made for himself made the finding of a solution to the Jewish question a functional necessity.
Hitler was not really involved 1933-1938
The lack of consensus on policy in this time due to Hitler's failure to give guidance.
He encouraged independent and rival approached to Jewish policy "Cumulative radicalisation
This led to the trial and error approach to Jewish policy in the 1930s. Hitler could learn from the errors without takingresponsibiltiy for them.
However, Hitler never abandoned the Jewish Question or the need for a final solution.
He wanted good ways to deal with the Jews and never sought a quick 'get out'.
The 'Fuhrerprinzip;' was not applied to antisemitic policy until after Kristallnacht.
Feudalism, not Fuhrerprinzip, explains the relationships within the Nazi movement.
Significance of Barbarossa
National Socialism destroyed the lives of 30-40 million people
National Socialism embodied by the camps
Chain of command from 1939-1941 the same, the orders had changed
Goering: Fortunately, a whole series of possibilities presents itself for us in wartime that would be denied us in peacetime.
The search for the Final Solution was started by ideological antisemitism at the heart of Nazism, it was driven forward by each failure ant the war enabled a Final Solution to become thinkable.
Significance of the SS/ Himmler/ Other organisations
Antisemitism of Hitler and other leaders cannot alone explain the Holocaust.
Structure of the regime, its competing organisations and the relationships between them
In some situations, Hitler acted under pressure from Nazi hardliners
The process of the Final solution dependent on empire-building of Nazi subleaders
From 1933-1939, the machinery which enabled the Holocaust was established.
31/7/41, Goering and Heydrich issyed a dispatch which said that 'the time had come' for the final answer to the Jewish Question
"I am asking you to prepare and submit to me (...) a master plan for carrying out a final solution to the Jewish problem".
Only in the broad sense are antisemitic ideologies of the National Socialists useful in explaining actual Jewish policy.
The work itself
Published in 1970
A controversial work of history
Broke the idea that the FS was down to Hilter alone, he proposed that it was a function to solve a self-created problem.
Antisemitism was a way to integrate the 'targets' of the movement.
Hitler could not deccelerate policies due to the need to hold together a potentially fragile movement.
Mommsen was convinced by Schleunes
An attempt to understand what led to the F/S and the camps, not the camps themselves
Period from 1933-1939