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Biology revised Paper 1 part 2, Jing Jong Jequavious - Coggle Diagram
Biology revised Paper 1 part 2
Digestive System
Use of the organs
Gall Bladder
Stores bile
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
Stomach
Chums up food, allows protease to work and stomach acid kills bacteria
Large Intestine
Removes excess water
Liver
Produces bile which neutralises stomach acids
Small Intestine
Takes glucose and ions to the blood
Oesophagus
Carries food from the mouth ro the liver
Rectum
Disposes of waste food
Salivary Gland
Produces amylase
Mouth
Does a mechanical breakdown of food
Anus
Also disposes of waste food
Digestive Enzymes
Lipase
Breaks down
Fats
Breaks down x into...
Fatty acids/glycerol
Made in...
The pancreas or small intestine
Works in...
Small intestine
Protease
Breaks down
Proteins
Breaks down x into...
Amino Acids
Made in...
Stomach, Pancreas, Small Intestine
Works In...
Stomach, Small Intestine
Amylase
Breaks Down...
Starch
Breaks down inro...
Sugars
Made in...
Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Small Intestine
Works in...
Mouth, Small Intestine
Enzyme Structure and Conditions
Process of Enzymes
Firstly, you have a piece of food that needs to be broke down. This is known as a 'substrate'
You then have an substance who's goal is to break down the substrate to make it more digestible, this is called an enzyme
The substrate is inserted into the enzyme for it to be slowly broken dowm, this being called a 'lock and key model'
In this process, the enzyme breaks down the substrate into smaller, more digestible pieces. Once finished, the food can then go further through the digestive system
Temperatures
Certain temperatures decide how productive the enzymes are, they are as follows:
Between 20 and 37 degrees are the optimal temperatures for enzyme activity, this is when they are most productive
Over 37 degrees and the enzymes become 'denatured' this is when the bonds holding the substrate together are destroyed. DO NOT say killed, say denatured
Under 20 degrees, and the enzymes are too cold to be productive
pH and Acidity
The graph is a lot more simple on how acidic it has to be to be productive, it is in fact, entirely symmetrical.
1-7 pH, or an acidic pH, is too extreme for the enzymes, it will break the bonds or 'denature' them
7 pH is optimal, and this is where it will be most productive
8-14 pH, or an alkaline pH, is just like an acidic pH, in being too extreme, which denatures the enzyme
Respiratory System
Use of the organs
Ribs
Cages that protect the lungs from harm
Bronchi
Even smaller branches from the bronchus to the lungs
Lungs
Transfers the air into the bloodstream to keep the body going
Intercostal Muscle
Allows the ribs to expand
Bronchus
Very small branch connecting the trachea and the lungs
Trachea
Name for the Oesophagus when transporting air, oesophagus is called that when talking about the digestive system
Heart
Pumps blood
Oesophagus
Transports air to the lungs, but this is not the real name
Diaphragm
Moves up and down to bring air in and out
Mouth
Inhales the oxygen and exhales the CO²
Alveoli
Where gas exchange occurs
The Heart
There are lots of parts to a heart but here are the main parts in order of whhere the are transported
Venacava
Where the blood enters
Right Atrium
Right Ventrical
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
A good way to remember the order is that they all have a word beginning with A or V, so it goes VAVAVAVA
Veins, Arteries and Capillaries
Main things to recognise
Veins
Valves
Thin walls
Thick Lumen
Capillaries
Very thin
One cell thick
Looks like a Mesh newtork in places like the gut
Carries out diffusion
Arteries
Thick walls
Thin lumen
Components of the Blood
Description of the Components
Red Blood Cells
No nuclei
Carries Oxygen
White Blood Cells
In the immune system
Platlets
Prevents and stops bleeding
This can cause clots
Cardiovascular Disease
Process
Formation of blood clots
Blood clots then block arteries
Fatty deposits build up in the arteries
Stops oxygen going to cells
Cells die
Heart attack
Causes
Smoking
High Blood Pressure
Too much salt or fat in your diet
Health
Definition
Overall physical and mental wellbeing
Things that affect it
Diet
Social Interaction
Excercise
Genes
Epidemiological Studies
Definition
Epidemiological studies, or Epidemiology, are research studies that examine patterns of health and disease within a population.
The studies are normallly followed over a large population
They normally survey risk factors before carrying out other surveys
The studies take years to complete
Cancer
Definition
Cancer is when cells begin to divide uncontrollably leading to the spreading of the cells across the body, leading to physical problems, and in some cases, death
Process
Cells begin to multiply an abnormal amount
This creates certain lumps on the body, these either being called 'benign tumours' or 'malignant tumours'
Benign Tumours are slow and harmless, and also not considered cancer
Malignant Tumours are fast and aggressive, but also mobile. All diagnosed cancer is malignant
If too serious, Cancer can cause damage to the immune system and sometimes death
Risk Factors
Smoking
Diet
The Sun
Unprotected Sex
Leaf Structure
Functions of the leaf organelles
Cuticle
Waxy Layer covering the leaf
Upper Epidermis
Covers the top half of the plant
Palisade Mesophyll
Where Photosynthesis Occurs
Jing Jong Jequavious