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Fundamental Components of Computer Architecture and Organization - Coggle…
Fundamental Components of Computer Architecture and Organization
Architecture
- attributes (data) visible to programmers
Definition of Computer
An electronic device that process data.
Capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations. -
Functions of a Computer
Input: Receiving data.
Processing: Manipulating data.
Storage: Saving data.
Output: Presenting results.
History of Computers
Early Mechanical Computers
- Abacus, Analytical Engine
First Generation (1940s- 1950s)
- Vacuum tubes, ENIAC.
Second Generation (1950s-1960s)
- Transistors, IBM 7094
Third Generation (1960s-1970s)
- Integrated Circuits, PDP-8.
Fourth Generation (1970s-Present)
- Microprocessors, personal computers.
Organization
- How features implemented
Latest Technology in Computer Architecture
Multi-core Processors
- CPUs with multiple cores for simultaneous processing.
Quantum Computing
- Uses quantum bits for processing.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chips
- Specialized hardware for AI tasks.
Neuromorphic Computing
- Mimics neural networks for advanced computation.
Components of Computer Architecture
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
* Control unit (cu).
Manages and coordinates all computer operations
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Registers
Small storage locations in the CPU for quick data access.
Memory
Cache Memory
Faster memory close to the CPU
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Non-volatile,stores critical boot information
Primary Memory (RAM)
Volatile memory for immediate data access.
Storage
Flash Storage
USB drives, memory cards
Solid State Drive (SSD)
Faster, non-volatile memory with no moving parts
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
-Magnetic storage with large capacity
Optical Discs (CD/DVD)
Used for data storage and retrieval
Input/Output Devices
Output Devices
-Monito, Printer, Speaker
Input Devices
Keyboard, Mouse , Scanner
System Bus
Address Bus
Carries memory addresses
Control Bus
Carries control signals
Data Bus
Transfers data between CPU, memory, and peripherals.
Instruction Set Architcture (ISA)
Definition
The set of instructions a CPU can execute
Types of ISAs
CISC (Complex instruction set computing )
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing )
Performance Factors
Cache Size
Larger cache improves speed
Thermal Management
cooling systems to prevent overheating
Clock Speed
Measured in GHz, higher means faster processing
Power Consumption
Efficiency in energy use
Core Count
Multiple core for parallel processing