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Vascular, Infection, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Trauma, Autoimmune, Toxicity -…
Vascular
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Perform physical exam (heart sounds, pulse) and neurological exam to narrow down cardiac vs. peripheral
Suspect cardiac? Perform ECG, then perform blood work (troponins for MI), then echocardiogram
Suspect peripheral? Perform Doppler ultrasound, then blood work (D-dimer for venous thromboembolism). If needed, perform CT angiography or MR angiography.
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Infection
Perform blood work to differentiate between bacterial vs. viral vs. parasitic vs. allergic vs. inflammation (check lab reference)
Suspect bacterial? Perform blood culture (sepsis), urine culture (UTI), sputum culture (respiratory infection), pus culture (wound), or stool culture (GI infection)
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Suspect neurological? Perform lumbar puncture to test CSF, then brain imaging
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Neoplastic
Perform physical exam (lymph nodes, palpate)
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Perform X-ray (chest and bone), ultrasound (abdomen, breast, thyroid), CT, MRI
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Trauma
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Perform imaging (CT for skeletal, MRI for soft tissue, fast ultrasound for fluid)
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Autoimmune
Perform blood work with CBC and ANA (antinuclear antibodies). Positive ANA strongly implies autoimmune
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If positive, administer immunosuppressant or IVIG (which also suppresses immune system)
Toxicity
Perform tox screen (heavy metals, drugs)
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Perform metabolic panel (blood work and urine test, sometimes hair test) to check organ function