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Biology, Genetics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Oxygen is released into the atmosphere
    - - water, light
  - - - because they affect the enzymes
  - - - Thylakoid, Houses the ligh dependant phase of photosynethis
      - stroma contains the light independant reaction, it is full of enzymes
- - - - denature is when an enzyme loses its shape and can no longer bind with the substrate to catalyze a reaction
      - Denaturization
        
        PH
        
        Temp
  - - - Cofactors and Inhibitors
        
        Cofactor is an Ion that is needed to help the enzymes reaction
        
        Inhibitors
        
        Non-competitive
        
        These inhibitors bind at a site other than the active site.
        
        Changes shape of active site
        
        Competitive
        
        Binds in the enzyme's active site preventing the substrate from binding
        
        Can be prevented by having a higher substrate concentration
- - - - diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration.
    - - this involves a transport or carrier protein in the membrane which creates a channel for the molecule to move through
    - - hypotonic
      - hypertonic
      - Isotonic
      - selective permeability
        
        osmosis uses guardcells to oly transport certain cells (usually water) across membrane. It becomes permiable to thte other other ones
      - Is the diffusion where water moves across a selective permeable membrane from high concertation to low concentration
  - - - endocytosis: taking substance into the cell by folding the cell membrane to make a carrier.
      - exocytosis: removing substance from the cell and is the reverse of endocytosis
- - - - glycolosis: glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing 2 atp and 2 NADH
        
        Lactic Acid: pyrucate is converted into lactic acid and regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis running
    - - Doesn't need oxygen
    - - Very inefficient
        
        Produces lactic acid
- - - - phospholipid bilayer
        
        Structure
        
        Function
        
        the hydrophobic layer on the inside makes only small molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse freely.
        
        Protects cell
        
        Selectively permeable
        
        osmosis uses guardcells to oly transport certain cells (usually water) across membrane. It becomes permiable to thte other other ones
        
        2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward and hydrophobic (water-repelling) Fatty acid tails facing inward.
        
        membrane proteins
        
        channel proteins
        
        channel proteins form pores that allow certain things to pass, often along their concentration gradient
        
        Integral proteins
        
        channels that allow specific molecules/substances into the cell
        
        carrier proteins
        
        binds to molecules to transport them across a membrane