Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Hydrocarbons - Coggle Diagram
Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
General
CnH2n
Presence of π bonds
Hindered rotation
Reaction with electrophiles
Double Bond, Reactive
Isomerism
Geometric isomerism can happen
Addition reactions
Hydration
Laboratory, Industrially
Oxidative addition with potassium manganate (VII)
alkene test
Addition of hydrogen halides
Markovnikov’s rule
Addition of bromine
double bond test
Oxidation cleavage with hot potassium manganate (VII)
Hydrogenation
Pt/Ni at 10 atm
Addition polymerisation
Types
LDPE
HDPE
Co-polymerisation
Disposal
Recycling
Depolymerisation
Incineration
Bacterial fermentation
Preparing alkenes
Dehydration of alcohols
Elimination of HCl or HBr from chloro- or bromoalkanes
Cracking of alkenes
Alkanes
Isomerism
Usually have chain isomerism
Complicated alkanes can have optical isomers
Isomers that are more branched
Smaller surface area, lower bp
Do not pre-ignite easily
Processing of Crude Oil
Fractional distillation
Fractions table
kerosene
gas oil
gasoline
residue
refinery gas
Cracking
Thermal cracking
Catalytic cracking
Re-forming
Energy source
Pollutants
Nitrogen oxides
Unburnt hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Solution
FGD
Catalytic converter
General
Saturated, unreactive
As carbon atoms increase
Higher boiling point
Higher viscosity
CnH{2n+2}
Reactions of alkanes
Combustion
C_nH_y + (n+y/4)O2 → nCO2 + y/2H2O
Halogenation
Inductive effect
CnH{2n+2} + X2 → CH3X + HX