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FAD 01 to 06 - Coggle Diagram
FAD 01 to 06
First Aid:
The immediate management of a person who is injured or has suddenly taken ill before professional medical help arrives.
Aims:
P
reserve life
P
revent worsening of injuries 🤕
P
romote recovery
P
rovide comfort and relief :<3:
Why?
Ambulances take 7 to 12 minutes to arrive and the casualty might have died by then :cry:
Improved chances of survival as accidents can happen to anyone at anytime.
Qualities:
Empathy❤:
Reassure the casualty consistently
and show concern and compassion.
Professionalism
:
Introduce yourself, protect the casualty's modesty, ask for permission before doing anything to the casualty, and do not abandon the casualty
Calmness and clarity of mind🧠:
Remain calm no matter what and call for help from passers-by, or from 995 or 1777.
Casualty Assessment:
A systematic way of evaluating, prioritizing and treating an injured person
Primary & Secondary Survey Algorithm
Primary Survey:
Detect and treat any life or limb threatening injuries. Done in the following acronym
DRSABCDE
in less than 5 minutes.
D
anger🚨
Prioritize your safety over others
Four options
:
Remove hazard
Remove yourself and casualty from hazard
Wear protective equipment
Run
Check for
Number of Casualties, Cause of Injury, Witnesses or Passers-by to Help, Any other Information from Casualty
R
esponse
A
lert: Looks at you when approached
V
oice: Only responds to voice
P
ain: Only responds to trapezius squeeze
U
nresponsive: Does NOT respond to anything
S
hout😱 or
S
pine
Instruct passers-by to
Call 995/1777, Get AED, bring other equipment, gather information, provide shade.
Call 995 in emergencies (Response lower than Alert, any other problems). If not, call 1777.
A
irway
Aim:
Ensure an open airway
The tongue of an unconscious casualty can
block airway
Use
Head-Tilt-Chin-Lift
Or rest in
recovery position
if no injuries
Recovery Position:
Casualty rolled to side
Arm bent to prevent rolling over
Leg bent to support position
Hand under chin to keep mouth open
Check if casualty can
Speak, Breathe, or Cough
Can't speak, breathe, or cough:
Airway
obstructed
Hoarseness of voice/wheezing:
Airway
partially obstructed
Sound of wheezing
Choking:
When
food / foreign objects
get stuck in the airway, completely obstructing it. Casualties cannot breathe, speak, or cough.
Treatment
Abdominal Thrust (If casualty can stand)
Legs in
"L" formation
behind, with
forefoot between
casualty's
legs that are spread shoulder-width apart.
Locate
naval(belly button)
and place
2 fingers
above it with
dominant hand.
Make a fist with
non-dominant hand
using the
5-4-0
method.
Thumb side
of the fist against the
abdomen
in the midline.
Get casualty to
bend over ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°).
Grasp the fist with
dominant hand.
Thrust
inwards and upwards
in one motion ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
Unconscious choking (CPRAED):
S
upport casualty down safely.
S
hout for 995 and AED.
C
ompress 30 times.
A
irway: Look in the mouth for food. Remove food with
index finger hook.
B
low: Ventilate once. If unsuccessful,
ventilate again
. If still unsuccessful, before
repeating from step 3.
B
reathing: If ventilation
successful
, check for breathing. If no breathing,
repeat from step 3.
Continue with primary and secondary survey.
Chest Thrusts (If casualty CANNOT stand):
Legs in
"L" formation
behind, with
forefoot between
casualty's
legs that are spread shoulder-width apart.
Place your arms
under the casualty’s armpit
, as
high up
as possible
Make a fist with
non-dominant hand
using the
5-4-0
method.
Thumb side
of the fist against the
abdomen
in the midline.
Grasp the fist with
dominant hand.
Thrust
inwards
firmly.
Partial obstruction:
Do not interfere.
Airway Injuries
Allergies:
When the immune system overreacts to something harmless. Either ingested or inhaled.
Anaphlaxis (Injested)
Mild:
Itchy rash or hives
Severe:
Signs:
Dizziness, swollen eyes, swollen lips, itchy rash.
Symptoms:
Also causes the
airway to close up
; causes wheezing. Causes
anaphylactic shock
where
blood pressure drops
Treatment:
Call 995
Administer EpiPen.
Complete primary and secondary survey.
EpiPen:
Contains
Epinephrine
, aka adrenaline.
Injected into
middle, upper thigh
for rapid absorbtion.
Opens up airway and increases blood pressure.
Can inject through clothing, but
remove bulky objects.
Check
expiry date
and that solution through window at the side is
clear
. If not,
don't administer.
Blue
to the sky,
orange
to the thigh.
Asthma (Inhaled)
Symptoms: Only affects airway.
Causes airway to close up and. Also causes wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, hyperventilation.
Treatment:
Administer
inhaler
.
Inhaler:
Contains Ventolin (Salbutamol).
Press with inhalation, hold for 10 seconds.
Administer 8 times at most; call 995 if no improvement after 3 doses.
Follow Asthma Attack Plan.
B
reathing
Aim:
Ensure the casualty is breathing properly
Check for
Chest Rise and Symmetrical Breathing
if
unconscious
Assess if casualty talks in
full sentences / short phrases / words / just breathing, and symmetrical rise of shoulders
if
conscious
C
irculation
Aim:
Check for any major bleeding and treat for shock.
If
Unconscious
, do
Rapid Body Survey (RBS)
, where you pat down
with gloves
, checking for
blood.
If
conscious
,
look
at casualty from
head to toe
.
Check pulse from:
Carotid:
At the base of thumb (wrist)
Radical:
Right side of Adam's apple
Check for
Rate and Strength
Weak and Rapid pulse is a sign of
Shock
S
kin colour:
Look at face
C
apillary refill time:
Press thumb, 1 to 2 seconds later colour should return
T
emperatre:
Feel forehead
M
oisture:
Feel forehead
D
isability
Aim:
Identify any brain injury (NOT AUTISM!!!!!!)
Ask casualty:
T
ime
P
lace
P
erson
E
xposure
Aim:
Identify any other life / limb threatening injuries
If
conscious
, ask casualty if they have
any other pains.
If
unconscious or not oriented to TPP
, feel casualty from
head to toe.
Remove clothing (shoes, caps, shirt, etc.) to
(ONLY) check for injuries.
Secondary Survey:
Gather information to get a better understanding of the casualty and pass it to the paramedics.
History Taking
S
igns and
S
ymptoms
A
lergies
M
edication
P
ast medical history
L
ast imput and output
E
vent history
Vital Signs (Every 5 minutes)
Breathing rate & quality:
12-20bpm, speak in full sentences, symmetrical breathing.
Pulse rate & quality:
60 to 100bpm, strong & regular
SCTM
Level of Consciousness (LOC):
Alert
Head to Toe Examination
Check for face, head, nose, ears, neck, collar bone, chest, abdomen, pelvis, arms, hands, legs, feet.
Disposition
995/1777, Clinic, Home
First Aid Kit
Gloves:
Protect
YOURSELF
from germs.
Wear before ALL treatment during "Danger"
Plaster:
Protect
small wounds
Gauze:
Stop
bleeding
,
padding
under bandaging, or
swabs
to clean wounds.
Micropore Tape:
Secure dressings on
dry skin
. Made from
hypoallergic
material (prevents allergic reaction), and
porous
.
Sterile Wash:
Squirt ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) on wounds to
wash away foreign objects.
Alcohol Swabs:
Clean equipment
AND NOT WOUNDS.
Crepe/Roller Bandage:
Comes with fasteners.
Uses:
Figure-of-8
, stump, and head bandage.
Also used as
secondary/securing dressing to bleedings.
Triangular Bandage: Arm or elevation arm sling, primary dressing for massive bleeding, ankle fracture bandage, securing bandage for immobilisation of limbs.
Oral Thermometer:
Clean tips
with alcohol swab. Slide on cover
before use
;
dispose
after use.
Sublingual
(placed under tongue).
Tweezers:
Remove
splinters
or retrieve
gauze.
Scissors:
Cut
crepe bandage
or
clothing
.
Ice Pack:
For
sprains and strains.
Helps
reduce pain and swelling.
Stretcher:
Transport
casualties.
Training Equipment
After use, roll
crepe/roller bandage
up tightly and clip. Fold
triangular bandage
into a neat rectangle.
Clean
CPR manikin's facial region
after ventilation,
chest region
after each training session.
Store
neatly in box.
Use
ONLY for intended use ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°),
or they might get damaged. Immediately
report any damage
to NCOs.
Return
AED Training Set
after use and report to NCOs if
battery is low.
Generally,
treat all equipment with
respect
and use them
ONLY for intended purpose ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°).
Minor Injuries
Sprains:
Damage to ligaments (connects bone to bone.)
Signs and Symptoms
Pain on movement
Swelling
Bruising
Tenderness (Pain when touched)
Treatment:
R
est
I
ce for 15 to 20 minutes,
OVER dressing.
C
ompress
E
levate
Strains:
Damage to tendons (connects muscle to bone or muscle)
Cause:
Usually
sports related
as poor exercise technique will lead to
overstretching
of muscle.
Cramps:
Involuntary
muscle spasms
and contractions.
Early sign of
heat injuries, dehydration, improper warm up.
Treatment
Muscle contracting:
Stretch
Dehydration:
Rehydrate
with sports drinks
Heat injury: Rest in a
cool, shaded area.
Improper warm-up:
Advice casualty
accordingly.
Nose Bleeds
Causes
Trauma:
Nose picking, impact (advice casualty to visit hospital to check for fractures)
Foreign Objects
Dry Environment
Treatment
Tilt head
forward.
Pinch
nostrils.
Breathe through
mouth.
Discourage
sneezing, coughing, talking.
Abrasions:
Superficial damage to the skin. Not serious as only small capillaries are damaged.
Treatment
Clean wound with
soap and water.
Gently
brush off dirt and debris
with a clean gauze
Bandage
with gauze and tape
Advice to see doctor if
pain, swelling, redness, swelling, pus.
Contusions/Bruises:
Broken capillaries with
intact skin.
Treatment
Apply
ice.
Whenever administering medication, check
5 Rights (Push Me Down The Road):