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Emotion & Motivation - Schachter, S & Singer, JE 1962 (Reading) -…
Emotion & Motivation - Schachter, S & Singer, JE 1962 (Reading)
Background & Purpose
Stanley Schachter was a social psychologist at Columbia University, USA
Schater is best known for the development of the two-factor theory of emotion with his colleague Jerome Singer at Pennsylvania State University
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Two-factor Theory of Emotion: proposes that emotion arises from a combination of cognition and physiological arousal
Methodology
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- Independent groups design
- 184 male college students
- 3 experimental groups and 1 control group
- Double-blind technique was used
- Participants completed a self-report questionnaire about their mood and physical condition
Evaluation
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- Participant variables may distort findings (uni students) which impacts validity
- Only male participants which means the study is less generalisable
- No assessment of the participant's mood before the injection, reducing validity
- Adrenaline does not affect everyone in the same way due to individual differences
- Questionnaires helped operationalise the dependent variables; therefore the data is standardised
- Other measures such as observation were useful as the results matched the data in the self-reports
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Results & Conclusions
Conclusion: A process of cognitive labelling is the interpretation of physiological cues combined with contextual cues to construct a person's subjective experience of emotion.
- Participants who were informed of the true effects of the injection (adrenaline) showed minimal changes in emotion in either the euphoria or anger conditions.
This was likely because they had an accurate explanation for their emotions (the effects of the adrenaline).
- Participants who were given no information, or given false information, showed much higher changes in emotion in both the euphoria and anger conditions.
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- The control group, who were injected with saline, had the second-highest reports of anger.