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John Locke, J.S. Mill, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Rawls, Betty Friedan,…
John Locke
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State
state is there to improve any issues with the natural society so it should be as limited as possible
social contract: if the state protects natural rights then humans will follow the law, if the state fails to protect rights then humans should overthrow the state and if humans fail to follow the law then the state has the right to revoke natural rights
Human Nature
humans have natural liberties: life, liberty, happiness
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Society
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prior to the state, there was a natural society which preserved mankind's interests
J.S. Mill
Society
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harm principle: the notion that an individual's actions should always be tolerated by either the state or other individuals unless these actions 'harm' or impinge on the freedom of others in society (eg. violent actions) ie. other regarding actions
universal education for people to develop individually, allowing them to reach their full potential
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Economy
laissez-faire capitalism was vital to progress, individual enterprise and initiative
State
feared that a democratic state had the potential to create a 'tyranny of the majority' where the principle of government by consent would be compromised if the wishes of some individual citizens were overwhelmed by the wishes of most individual citizens
Mary Wollstonecraft
Society
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no one person should dominated by another; wives shouldn't be subservient to their husbands – a state that controls its subjects is similar to a husband controlling his wife
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society doesn't give women the opportunity to develop their intelligence, stunting their growth as individuals
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John Rawls
Economy
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property owning democracy: individuals must possess productive resources in order to enable fair societal participation and equal political influence
progressive taxation – more income, higher tax
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Society
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individuals want liberty and self-fulfilment – it is justified that this could cause inequality if the poor still benefitted
Human Nature
human nature is rational and empathetic and thus would want a society with reduced inequality under the 'veil of ignorance'
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Betty Friedan
Society
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illiberal attitudes in society, rather than any supposed innate female human traits, condemned most women to underachievement
illiberal attitudes were nurtured and transmitted through cultural channels such as schools, church, the media, mainstream literature, theatre, cinema and marketing
State
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endorsed the US constitution but advocated reform in line with the theory of liberal constitutionalism
Economy
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women should be able to work all jobs, not just socially accepted ones
Human Nature
all individuals should be free to seek control over their own lives and the full realisation of their potential
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Rosa Luxemburg
Economy
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capitalism promoted exploitation and was at odds with humanity's natural, fraternal instincts
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capitalism is reliant on finite resources - workers and fossil fuels - thus the economic system needs to expand as they must obtain these resources from other countries, leading to imperialism
State
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advocated the immediate construction of a new democracy underpinned by common ownership, open debate and elections after revolution
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Human Nature
fraternity and altruism still flourished in working class communities despite the punishing nature of capitalism
Society
the only means by which a genuine socialist society could ever emerge was via a revolution based on class consciounsess
Anthony Giddens
Economy
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have to acknowledge the power of free markets due to globalisation - Keynesian economics is obsolete
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Society
Blair: "Slowly but surely the old establishment is being replaced by a new, larger, more meritocratic middle class"
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Thomas Hobbes
State
the state is autocratic, repressive and large - a Leviathan state
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Human Nature
human life is 'nasty, brutish and short'
humans are self seeking, power grabbing and irrational
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Edmund Burke
Human Nature
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humans are naturally communal and gain support/comfort from small communities or 'little platoons' - your place in society is the one you were born into
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Economy
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protectionism (eg. tariffs and duties) to protect national producers against the forces of a globalised free market
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State
doesn't believe in absolute monarchy, but the constitutional monarchy - the king should be restrained by a parliament elected by the few
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Society
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the ruling classes have an obligation to govern in the interests of all - noblesse oblige - they have to act in a paternalistic way
Michael Oakeshott
State
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pragmatic, not ideological
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Society
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optimistic view of how society currently is - any attempts to make it better (eg. socialism) are doomed to fail
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Human Nature
humans are imperfect and fallible but not terrible and immoral - human nature is not fundamentally evil/chaotic but we are flawed
Ayn Rand
State
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if the state is too involved, it cannot deal with the fundamentals as well
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Society
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society doesn't exist in any practical way, but it is a collection on loose individuals
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bell hooks
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Human Nature
human nature is not fixed, but malleable - boys and girls are socialised into gender stereotypes; women are socalised into oppression
being a woman is not a fixed, rigid category
Society
women of colour find themselves in a double bind - they are marginalised in the feminist movement and marginalised by the patriarchy
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Sheila Rowbotham
Society
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a dual response to tackle both the private and public sphere is needed to achieve liberation - believes that 'personal is political'
believed that a radical change in the 'cultural conditioning' of humanity was needed - a 'revolution within a revolution'
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Anthony Crosland
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Economy
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expansion of state welfare and public spending enables progress towards equality - managed capitalism
mixed economy of private enterprise and ownership alongside public spending and renationalised utilities
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Simone de Beauvoir
Human Nature
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differences between men and women are socialised, not inherent - 'one is not born, but becomes a woman'
Society
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women are conditioned into taking a passive role in life - society endoctrinates women to think a certain way
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State
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the state should embark on a wide ranging legislative agenda to remove barriers that women face in society