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Biology revised paper 1 part 1 - Coggle Diagram
Biology revised paper 1 part 1
Animal and plant cells
Plant Cells
Organelles
Mitochondria
See animal cells
Cytoplasm
See animal cells
Cell Membrane
See animal cells
Nucleus
See animal cells
Ribosomes
See animal cells
Cell Wall
Ciontains cellulose which helps give structure to the cell
Chloroplasts
Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Vacuole
Contains cell sap which also gives the cell structure
Notes
There is nothing that the plant cell doesn't contain that animal does
Plant cells are 'Eukaryotic' (They contain a nucleus)
Animal Cells
Organelles
Cell Membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Nucleus
Controls cell activities and contains DNA information
Cytoplasm
Chemical reactions
Ribosomes (Unlikely to turn up in exams)
Site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Notes
The three things that animal cells don't contain that plants do contain are Chloroplasts, a vacuole (a permanent one at least) and a cell wall
Animal cells are defined as 'Eukaryotic' (they have a nucleus)
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Definitions
Prokaryotic Cell
A cell without a nucleus or the DNA information in the nucleus
e.g. Bacterial Cells
DNA info is instead stored in the Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell
A cell with a nucleus and the DNA is stored in that particular nucleus
e.g: Plant and animal cell
Organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
Controls what goes in and out
Cytoplasm
Site of Chemical Reactions
And storage of DNA as there is no Nucleus
Flagellum
Helps the cell move around the body
Only in some cells
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Not normally put in GCSE exam paper
DNA
Controls the entirity of the cell
Stored in the Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
For structure and protein
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells have everything a Prokaryotic cell has, minus a flagellum and plus...
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Chloroplasts
Absorbs light for photosynthesis
Main differences
A Prokaryotic Cell has no mitochondria, unlike eukaryotic cells
A prokaryotic cell has no chloroplasts, unlike some eukaryotic cells
A prokaryotic cell has a flagellum, unlike eukaryotic cells
Cell specialisation
Background
In GCSEs, they regularly show you diagrams of the plant and animal cells, yet they never normally never look like them, as they are almost always specialised to exist
Definition
Cell specialisation is a process where a regular stem cell it has certain genes turned on and off by the body, specialising it for where it is needed
Microscopes
Light microscope
A light microscope is a very basic microscope used to look at smaller objects which are are on less than 2000 times magnification
Light microscope information
Magnification
Low: 2K>
Resolution
Low
Source of image
Light Beam
Cost
Cheap
Specimen
Whatever is wanted
Images
Moving/In Colour
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a very advanced microscope used to look at small objects over 500,000 times magnification
Electron Microscope information
Magnification
High: 500K<
Resolution
High
Source of image
Electron Beam
Cost
Expensive
Specimen
Dead only
Images
Still/Black & White
Transmission Electron Microscope
Looks at internal structure, transmits electrons to the image
Scanning Electron Microscope
Takes 3D Images
With a Light Microscope you CANNOT SEE
Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Internal Structure
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
IMAGE SIZE= ACTUAL SIZE X MAGNIFICATION
MAGNIFICATION = IMAGE SIZE/ ACTUAL SIZE
ACTUAL SIZE= IMAGE SIZE/ MAGNIFICATION
DNA Structure
Definition
DNA is a strand of genetic information made of 4 letters: A, C, G and T giving your body it's defining features, with 70 trillion combinations
General info needed
DNA twists into patterns known as 'Double Helixes'
Double Helixes then make up 'Chromosomes'
Chromosomes are stored in the Nucleus
Mitosis
Definition
Mitosis is the splitting of one 'parent cell' into two 'daughter cells'
Process
The DNA in the nucleus first needs to condense into different chromosones
The chromosones are then lined up down the middle of the nucleus and be checked so that they don't go astray during the process
They arre then pulled forcefully to each side of the cell
And from their new nuclei will form, creating two brand new cells
Stem Cells
What are Stem Cells?
Stem Cells are generic cells (the ones that you're asked to label in GCSE exams) but with the benefit that they can transform into any cell you want through a process called 'cell differentiation'
Specific uses of stem cells
Treating Parkinson's
These are when cells are inserted into the brain to make new brain cells
Treating bone and spinal injuries
Stem cells inserted to become bone cells
Organ failure
Growing new organ cells
How to make a Stem Cell
Nuclei removed from the egg cell
Nuclei from patient cell inserted into an empty egg cell
Egg develops into an embryo
Stem cells taken from embryos
Stem cells turned into new cells
Controversy
As you are taking apart Embryos, many hardcore religious people consider it a form of abortion
Diffusion
\Definition
Diffusion is the moving of a liquid from a high concentration to a low concentration
How does diffusion work?
There are two main ways that diffusion happens in cells specifically. These are:
Things moving from one side of the cell to the other
e.g. Carbon Dioxide travelling round the alveoli in the lungs from the blood into the lungs
For reference, oxygen goes fthe opposite way from the lungs into the blood
Things moving out of the cell
Osmosis and Active Transport
Osmosis
Definition
Process
There will be an equal amount of solute on both sides of the membrane
Also on both sides there are multiple water molecules
The membrane will have water molecules pass through it until the amount of water molecules is equal on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis is the movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
Examples
Thirst
Contact Lens
Active Transport
Definition
The movement across a partially permeable membrane from a low to high water concentration
Process
There is a channel of active transport in the partially permeable membrane
This channel will pick up solute molecules from the less solute-full side, lets it pass through the channel and lets it exit into the more solute-full side
This ends when all the solute has passed through to the higher concentration side
Examples
Glucose in the gut
Minerals in roots
Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems
Definitions
Tissues
A group of cells doing one function
Organs
A group of tissues doing one joint function
Organ Systems
A group of organs doing lots of different functions, but all keeping the body alive
Hierachy
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Example of a hierachy
Muscle cell
Muscle tissue (contracts)
Stomach (Churns food)
Digestive System