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The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules, Macromolecules -…

- - - - Aldose
        
        Carbonyl group at end of carbon skeleton
      - Ketose
        
        Carbonyl group within carbon skeleton
      - Group
        
        Triose
        
        Hexose
        
        Pentose
    - - Asymmetric carbon
        
        Carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
    - - Energy
      - Synthesis of other types of small organic molecules
  - - - Maltose
      - Sucrose
      - Lactose
  - - - Determined by its sugar monomers and by the positions of its glycosidic linkages
    - - Starch
        
        Plastid
        
        Granules within cellular structures
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Stockpile surplus glucose
        
        Form
        
        Amylose
        
        Unbranched
        
        1–4 linkages
        
        Amylopektin
        
        Branched
        
        1–6 linkages
      - Glycogen
        
        Energy storage
        
        Polymer of glucose that is more branched than amylopectin
      - Cellulose
        
        Building material
        
        Most abundant organic compound on Earth
        
        Microfibril
      - Chitin
        
        Building material
- - - - Three fatty acid molecules are each joined to glycerol by an ester linkage
      - Component
        
        Fatty acid
        
        Structure of the hydrocarbon chains
        
        Saturated
        
        Flexibility allows the fat molecules to pack together tightly
        
        Solid
        
        No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
        
        Somewhat unhealthy
        
        Subcutaneous layer in whales
        
        Unsaturated
        
        One or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded car- bon.
        
        Liquid
        
        Convertable to saturated version by artificial hydrogenization
        
        Trans version is unhealthy
        
        Plants with compact storage
        
        Animals
        
        Glycerol
    - - Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
      - Component
        
        Fatty acid
        
        Glycerol
        
        Phosphate group
        
        Negatively charged
        
        Additional small charged or polar molecule
        
        Choline
      - Hydrophyilic head and hydrophobic tails
        
        Phospholipid bilayer
        
        Forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment
    - - Distin- guished by the particular chemical groups attached to this ensemble of rings
      - A carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
- - - - Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
      - Carrying out the pro- cesses of life.
- - - - A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
    - - Bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group